a&p - body plan and organization (chapter 1 - exam 1)

falls under exam 1

anatomical position

standard reference position used when describing the body

describe anatomical position

• standing upright

• facing forward

• head level and eyes looking forward

• arms at the sides

• palms facing forward

• feet flat and pointing forward

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right

example of sagittal plane

looking at one side of the brain

midsagittal plane

divides body into equal left and right halves

frontal (coronal) plane

divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

example of frontal (coronal) plane

transverse plane

divides the body into superior and inferior portions

dorsal body cavity

located toward the back (posterior) of the body

includes

• cranial cavity

• vertebral/spinal cavity

cranial cavity

contains the brain

vertebral/spinal cavity

contains the spinal cord

ventral body cavity

located toward the front (anterior) of the body

includes

• thoracic cavity

• abdominopelvic cavity

thoracic cavity

contains

• heart

• lungs

• trachea

• esophagus

also includes, pleural cavity, pericardial cavity, and mediastinum

pleural cavities

contains the lungs

pericardial cavity

contains the heart

mediastinum

central region containing the heart, trachea, esophagus, etc

abdominopelvic cavity

separated by the into:

• abdominal cavity

• pelvic cavity

how are the two parts (thoracic and abdominopelvic) of the ventral cavity separated?

by the diaphragm

abdominal cavity

• stomach

• liver

• gallbladder

• spleen

• pancreas

• small intestine

• most of large intestine

• kidneys

pelvic cavity

• urinary bladder

• internal reproductive organs

• rectum

4 abdominopelvic quadrants

• right upper quadrant (RUQ)

• left upper quadrant (LUQ)

• right lower quadrant (RLQ)

• left lower quadrant (LLQ)

umbilicus = origin of 4 quadrants

frontal

forehead

orbital

eye/eye socket

nasal

nose

oral

mouth

mental

chin

cervical

neck

thoracic

chest

sternal

breastbone/sternum

axillary

armpit

mammary

breast

abdominal

abdomen/belly

umbilical

navel/belly button

pelvic

pelvis

inguinal

groin

pubic

genital region

thorax

chest region

abdomen

area between the chest and pelvis

dorsum

back

acromial

shoulder

brachial

upper arm

antecubital

front of elbow

olecranal

back of elbow

antebrachial

forearm

carpal

wrist

manus

hand

metacarpal

palm/hand between wrist and fingers

pollex

thumb

palmar

palm of hand

digital

fingers

femoral

thigh

patellar

front of knee

popliteal

back of knee

crural

lower leg

sural/gastrocnemius

calf

fibular/peroneal

outer side of the lower leg

pedal

foot

tarsal

ankle

metatarsal

foot between ankle and toes

digital

toes

hallux

big toe

calcaneal

heel

plantar

sole/bottom of foot

dorsum

top of foot

scapular

shoulder blade

vertebral

spinal column

lumbar

lower back

sacral

area over the sacrum

gluteal

buttocks

popliteal

back of knee

perineal

area between the anus and external genitalia

superior

above/towards the head

example of superior

the head is superior to the chest

inferior

below/toward the feet

example of inferior

the stomach is inferior to the heart

anterior

toward the front

example of anterior

the sternum is anterior to the heart

posterior

toward the back

example of posterior

the spine is posterior to the heart

medial

toward the midline

example of midline

the nose is medial to the eyes

lateral

away from the midline

example of lateral

the ears are lateral to the nose

proximal

closer to the point of attachment

example of proximal

the elbow is proximal to the wrist

distal

farther from point of attachment

example of distal

the fingers are distal to the elbow

superficial

toward/on the surface

example of superficial

skin is superficial to muscles

deep

farther beneath the surface

example of deep

bones are deep to skin

anatomy

structure

"what is it and where is it?”

physiology

function

“what does it do?”

anatomy + physiology

structure determines function

example of anatomy + physiology

anatomy: RBCs have a shape that provides large surface area

physiology: this shape helps them efficiently transport oxygen

regional anatomy

studies all structures in one specific body region

example: studying everything in the abdomen = muscles, organs, nerves

systemic anatomy

studies one organ throughout the entire body

example: studying the cardiovascular system (blood vessels) throughout the body

levels of organization

atoms —> molecule —> macromolecule —> organelle —> cell —> tissue —> organ —> organ system —> organism