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Name the three meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord.
dura mater, the arachnoid, and pia mater.
Which meninge is the outermost membrane covering the brain?
dura mater
What is spinal epidural space and what is the clinical importance of this space in large animals?
it is a fat filled space that separates the dura mater from the vertebrae; a site for epidural injections
Which meningeal space surrounding the brain and spinal cord contains the cerebrospinal fluid?
sub-arachnoid space
What is the clinical importance of the subarachnoid space?
diagnosing neurological issues by collecting cerebrospinal fluid; injecting contrast media for radiography of the spine (myelography)
What is the innermost membrane covering the brain and spinal cord?
pia mater
What are the three major subdivisions of an adult brain?
forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrains
What is the difference between "gray matter" and "white matter" in relation to different parts of neurons?
"gray matter" contains the body and dendrites of the neuron, and "white matter" contains the axon
Which part of the fore brain is associated with the sense of smell?
the olfactory bulbs
What part of the brain is marked by gyri and sulci?
cerebrum
Which part of the brain is largest in size?
cerebrum
Which part of the brain is responsible for reasoning, thinking and memorizing activities?
cerebrum
Which part of the brain contains center for sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?
hypothalamus
Which part of the brain controls the secretion of hormones by pituitary gland?
hypothalamus
Which part of the brain contains the reflex centers for locomotion, body posture and balance?
cerebellum
Which parts of the brain are included in brain stem that make base of the brain?
medulla, oblongata, pons, and midbrain
Most cranial nerves (III to XII) originates from which part of brain?
the brainstem
What is the pattern of gray and white matter in the spinal cord?
outer part is white, inner part is gray
The dorsal root of a spinal nerve carry what type of nerve fibers?
afferent (incoming)
The ventral root of a spinal nerve carries what type of nerve fibers?
efferent (outgoing)
What is Myelography?
radiography of the spinal cord after injecting a contrast medium
The group of spinal nerves that innervate the muscles of forelimb is called?
brachial plexuses
The group of spinal nerves that innervate the muscles of hindleg is called?
lumbosacral plexuses
Name the common name given to nerves that originate from ventral surface of brain?
cranial nerves
List all the 12 pairs of cranial nerves.
olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory, and hypoglossal
Which cranial nerve innervates the nasal mucosa and carries the sense of smell?
olfactory nerve
Which cranial nerve innervates the retina of the eye and carries the impulses related to sight?
optic nerve
Which cranial nerve carries the impulses of hearing and balance?
vestibulocochlear
Which is the longest cranial nerve that carries parasympathetic nerve fibers to most of the visceral organs in the thorax and abdomen?
vagus nerve (X)
What is the main function of the autonomic nervous system?
control activity within the smooth and cardiac muscles, and glands
What are the two major components of the autonomic nervous system?
sympathetic and parasympathetic
Sympathetic fibers originate from which part of the spinal cord?
lumbar
Parasympathetic fibers originate from which part of the spinal cord?
sacral
What is basic difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, functionally?
sympathetic increases activity in the body and parasympathetic decreases activity
What is a ganglion?
junction between two neurons outside the brain/spinal cord
Name the basic functional unit of the nervous system.
neuron
What is main function of a neuron?
transmit nerve impulses
Which part of the neuron carries impulses away from the cell body?
axon
Which part of the neuron carries impulses towards the cell body?
dendrites
What are main functions of glial cells present in brain or nervous tissue?
support the neurons, provide nutrients, and remove waste products