Pre AP Biology Final Exam Study Guide

What is the difference between the dependent and independent variable in an experiment?

An independent variable is the variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment to test the effects on the dependent variable. A dependent variable is the variable being tested and measured in a scientific experiment.

Homeostasis

The ability of a cell to maintain a stable, internal environment. Without precise control of things moving in and out, the cell would shrivel or pop!

Osmosis

The movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. A type of passive transport

Diffusion

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. A type of passive transport

Active transport

Uses energy to move substances across the cell membrane. Moves materials against the concentration gradient, materials move from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration

Passive Transport

The movement of molecules in or out of a cell that requires no cellular energy. Materials move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Endocytosis

materials move into the cell. Cell takes in large particles by engulfing them

Exocytosis

moving materials out of a cell. Opposite of endocytosis

What is the difference between a variable and a control in an experiment?

Dependent variable: An outcome variable that is measured each time the independent variable is changed. Control variable: Any other variable that may affect the outcome.

What makes up an atom and where are those parts found?

Atoms are made up of three particles: protons, neutrons and electrons. Protons and neutrons are heavier than electrons and reside in the center of the atom, which is called the nucleus.

PH scale

lipids

Concentrated energy molecule

carbohydrates

Building block molecules

proteins

multipurpose molecules

nucleic acids

Information Molecule, include DNA and RNA

What are some roles of the four macromolecules?

lipids played the role of storage of energy or forming cell membranes alone. The role of carbohydrates is to provide energy, as they are the body's main source of fuel, needed for physical activity, brain function and operation of the organs. Proteins do most of the work in cells and are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs. Nucleic acids are large molecules that carry tons of small details: all the genetic information

What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Both organisms are composed of cells, the basic unit of life, with each cell surrounded by a cell membrane. The biggest difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that eukaryotes have a nucleus. They also have other membrane structures called organelles.

Describe the cell theory

All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. ... The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms. Cells arise from preexisting cells.

What are the differences between a plant and animal cell?

the main structural differences between plant and animal cells lie in a few additional structures found in plant cells. These structures include: chloroplasts, the cell wall, and vacuoles.

What are the levels or organization?

organelle, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystem, and biosphere.

What occurs in each phase of the cell cycle?

Interphase:

- G1(Growth 1): The cell grows to accommodate new genetic information

- S(synthesis): The cell duplicates its DNA for the two daughter cells

- G2(Growth 2): The cell grows once again for there to be enough cytoplasm for the daughter cells

Mitosis:

-Prophase: Chromatin is organized into chromosomes, two centrosomes move to the poles of the cells, and the nuclear envelope breaks down

-Metaphase: The chromosomes align in the middle of the cell

-Anaphase: The chromosomes are split apart into chromatids by the spindle fibers and are starting to be pulled to opposite poles

-Telophase: The chromatids are enveloped in a new nuclear envelope in the two new daughter cells making two separate nuclei

Cytokinesis:

The cells cytoplasm splits and forms the two new daughter cells which are identical to the parent cell. Both have their own nucleus and DNA.

Name and describe the different types of bonding?

Ionic bond: bond in which one or more electrons from one atom are removed and attached to another atom, resulting in positive and negative ions which attract each other. A covalent chemical bond results from the sharing of electrons between two atoms with similar electronegativities.

What is the difference between atomic number and atomic mass?

Mass number is the number of protons and neutrons in an atom. Atomic mass is the average mass of all the isotopes of a certain type. It is a weighted average that takes into account the abundances of all of the different isotopes.

What is an organic compound?

Organic compound, any of a large class of chemical compounds in which one or more atoms of carbon are covalently linked to atoms of other elements, most commonly hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen.

What is the role of enzymes? And how are they named?

Most enzyme names end in "ase". Enzymes are biological molecules (typically proteins) that significantly speed up the rate of virtually all of the chemical reactions that take place within cells

What is the purpose of photosynthesis?

The primary function of photosynthesis is to convert solar energy into chemical energy and then store that chemical energy for future use.

What are the reactants of photosynthesis?

Photosynthesis Inputs. 6H2O, 6CO2, (light) energy.

What are the products of photosynthesis?

Photosynthesis Outputs. C6H12O6 (glucose), 6O2.

What organisms perform photosynthesis and why?

plants, some bacteria, protists and algae, to gain and store energy for food.

Cell membrane

The membrane surrounds the cell. It protects the cell.It is semipermeable meaning it lets some materials enter and keeps others out. It let's food, oxygen, and water in the cell. It let's wastes leave the cell.

Cell wall

: The cell wall protects the plant cell. It is the hardest substance in a plant cell. It also helps to keep the shape of the cell.

Nucleus

The nucleus is the brain of the cell. It controls all the functions of the cell.

Ribosome

The job of a ribosome is to make for the cell. Protein is used for growth and repair in the cell

Smooth E.R. & Rough E.R.

Think of these as a maze of pathways in the cytoplasm. ER carry proteins and other materials around the cell.

Golgi body

Can be thought of as the post office. Golgi bodies take proteins and newly formed materials, package them and send them to other parts of the cell.

Vacuole

They store food, water, and wastes until they are used or let out of the cell. Plant cells have 1 or 2 large vacuoles Animal cells have many smaller ones.

Chloroplast

These are a green colored structures in cells. Photosynthesis takes place inside of chloroplasts.

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell. This is where food is converted to energy. They have a rod-like shape.

Cells

Basic structural and functional units of life

Tissues

Groups of similar cells that perform particular function

Organs

Different tissues working together to perform complex function

Organ Systems

Different organs working together form a series of related tasks

Organism

Single living thing

Populations

Groups of organisms of all the same species living together at the same place

Communities

All different species (population) that live together in a defined area

Ecosystems

Community and its physical environment and all the biotic/living and it abiotic/nonliving factors in the defined area

What was Watson and Crick's model of DNA in the shape of?

A double helix

describe the parts of a chromosome.

A chromosome is a physically discrete portion of the genome, which carries many individual genes.

G1(Growth 1)

The cell grows to accommodate new genetic information

S(synthesis)

The cell duplicates its DNA for the two daughter cells

G2(Growth 2)

The cell grows once again for there to be enough cytoplasm for the daughter cells

Prophase

Chromatin is organized into chromosomes, two centrosomes move to the poles of the cells, and the nuclear envelope breaks down

Metaphase

: The chromosomes align in the middle of the cell

Anaphase

The chromosomes are split apart into chromatids by the spindle fibers and are starting to be pulled to opposite poles

Telophase

The chromatids are enveloped in a new nuclear envelope in the two new daughter cells making two separate nuclei

Cytokinesis

The cells cytoplasm splits and forms the two new daughter cells which are identical to the parent cell. Both have their own nucleus and DNA.

Describe the role of mitosis during growth.

Mitosis is the type of cell division used for growth, repair and asexual reproduction. Mitosis occurs wherever new cells are needed. It produces two cells that are identical to each other, and the parent cell.

Describe the role of mitosis during repair of cells.

Mitosis is the type of cell division used for growth, repair and asexual reproduction. Mitosis occurs wherever new cells are needed. It produces two cells that are identical to each other, and the parent cell. In mitosis each chromosome is copied exactly.

Heterozygous

Homozygous

Dominant

if 2 alleles of an inherited pair differ then one determines the organism's appearance.

Recessive

has no noticeable effect on organisms appearance.

Allele

one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.

Genotype

genetic makeup of organism

Phenotype

the expressed traits of an organism

Who is Gregor Mendel?

Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who discovered the basic principles of heredity through experiments in his garden. Mendel's observations became the foundation of modern genetics and the study of heredity, and he is widely considered a pioneer in the field of genetics.

What is the difference between genetics and heredity?

Genetic conditions are those that are related to our genes, at least in some part. Changes in our genes, like mutations, can cause medical problems. Some medical problems are hereditary, meaning they are caused by a gene mutation (or mutations) that are inherited (or passed on) from a parent.

What happens with cells with cancer?

Cancer happens when cells that are not normal grow and spread very fast. Normal body cells grow and divide and know to stop growing. Over time, they also die. Unlike these normal cells, cancer cells just continue to grow and divide out of control and don't die when they're supposed to.

Describe DNA.

DNA is made up of molecules called nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains a phosphate group, a sugar group and a nitrogen base. The four types of nitrogen bases are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G) and cytosine (C). The order of these bases is what determines DNA's instructions, or genetic code.

Describe RNA.

RNA is usually single-stranded, while DNA is usually double-stranded. In addition, RNA contains ribose while DNA contains deoxyribose. Deoxyribose lacks one oxygen atom. RNA has the bases Adenine (A), Uracil (U) (instead of thymine in DNA), Cytosine (C) and Guanine (G).

Describe proteins.

The three-dimensional geometry of a protein molecule is so important to its function that four levels of structure are used to describe a protein. The first level, or primary structure, is the linear sequence of amino acids that creates the peptide chain.

What is the difference between phenotype and genotype and give examples of each?

The genotype is the set of genes in our DNA which is responsible for a particular trait. The phenotype is the physical expression, or characteristics, of that trait. For example, two organisms that have even the minutest difference in their genes are said to have different genotypes.

What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous and give examples of each?

Heterozygous has 2 different alleles for a gene and homozygous has 2 identical alleles for a gene.

How do you get from DNA to Protein?

When the DNA was transcribed into RNA, one base of DNA corresponded to one base of RNA, this 1 to 1 relation is not used in the translation to protein. During this translation, 1 amino acid is added to the protein strand for every 3 bases in the RNA.

In DNA REPLICATION, what is the produced from CTGGATC?

GACCTAG

How are amino acids coded?

The genetic information in the mRNA is composed of an alternating sequence of the four bases adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) and uracil (U). This alternating sequence provides the unique code specifying each of the 20 amino acids naturally found in protein.

What makes up proteins?

Proteins are organic molecules composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen. Proteins are created by linking together amino acids into protein links called polypeptide chains.

What are the base pairing rules for DNA?

A-T & C-G

What are the base pairing rules for RNA?

A-U & C-G

How is RNA different than DNA?

DNA often exists as a double stranded molecule and RNA as a single stranded molecule. DNA contains thymine and RNA contains uracil. DNA is most often used to store genetic information, while RNA serves a host of functions. The sugar found in DNA contains one less oxygen molecule than the sugar found in RNA

What are distinguishing characteristics of fish?

Fish breathe using gills. They absorb oxygen through the gills. Almost all fish are cold - blooded.

Why does a shark have an oily liver?

To create buoyancy

What are setae on earthworms?

Annelid setae are stiff bristles present on the body.

Name and describe types of camouflage that organisms use.

Disruptive coloration. Disruptive coloration is when animals have spots, stripes, or patterns to break up their outline so it doesn't stick out against the background.

Explain binomial nomenclature and give an example of a species' scientific name and its common name.

Binomial nomenclature for species has the effect that when a species is moved from one genus to another, sometimes the specific name or epithet must be changed as well. Canis lupus familiaris, Dog.

What events or conditions promote evolution of a population?

Environmental change

What events or conditions inhibit evolution of a population?

Gene flow & Reproductive isolation

What factors can change allele frequency in a population?

Clearly, allele frequencies can change over time within a single population, and frequently differ between populations. The following discussion deals with the most important factors affecting allele frequencies: Genetic Isolation, Migration (gene flow), Mutation, Natural Selection, Artificial Selection, and Chance.

What is the order of taxonomic classification from most inclusive to least inclusive?

Biological classification uses taxonomic ranks, including among others (in order from most inclusive to least inclusive): Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species.

List and describe sources of genetic variation in sexual reproduction.

The three sources of genetic variability in a sexually reproducing organism are: Independent assortment of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I and of non identical sister chromatids during meiosis II. Crossing over between homologous chromosomes during prophase I. Random fertilization of an ovum by a sperm.

What is the primary source of genetic variation in organisms that undergo asexual reproduction?

Asexual reproduction results in a clone of the parent, meaning the offspring has identical DNA as the parent. There is usually no variation from generation to generation in a species population that relies on asexual reproduction.

Name and describe the different types of symbiosis.

There are three different types of symbiotic relationships: mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. Mutualism, both partners are benefited. Commensalism: only one species benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed. Parasitism: One organism (the parasite) gains, while the other (the host) suffers.

Who is Charles Darwin and what theories of evolution did he propose?

Darwinism is a theory of biological evolution developed by the English naturalist Charles Darwin (1809-1882), stating that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection

Stabilizing Flow

Directional Flow

Describe types of competition within a species.

Competition is an interaction between organisms or species in which both the organisms or species are harmed. Competition among members of the same species is known as intraspecific competition, while competition between individuals of different species is known as interspecific competition.

Describe types of competition within an ecosystem.

The intensity of ecological competition depends greatly on the resources required by individuals in an ecosystem. For example, if two different species of birds

How does energy move through the food chain, food web, and energy pyramid?

Energy decreases in each successive trophic level, preventing more than four or five levels in a food chain.

Food Web

:a system of interlocking and interdependent food chains.

Food Chain

:the feeding relationships between species in a biotic community; a linear path through a food web.