4 (Personality Development)

Key Theories

• Erikson’s 8 Developmental Stages

• Freud’s Psychosexual Stages

• Bandura’s Social Learning Theories

• Big 5 Personality Traits (OCEAN)

Personality Development

development of organized patterns of behavior and attitudes that are distinctive

Erikson’s 8 Developmental Stages

• Stages with a challenge or crisis that we must overcome to keep growing

• Added on to Freud's theory

• 8 stages

TAIIIIGI

• Trust

• Autonomy

• Initiative

• Industry

• Identity

• Intimacy

• Generativity

• Integrity

Erikson’s 1st Developmental Stage

Trust vs Mistrust 

• Infancy, 0-1 

• With parents 

  • Ex: when a baby is crying because they are hungry and their parents come to feed them

Erikson’s 2nd Developmental Stage

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt 

• 1-3 years

• learning independence 

  • Ex: Being encouraged vs shamed by parents

Erikson’s 3rd Developmental Stage

Initiative vs Guilt 

• 3-6 years 

• Learning from mistakes 

  • Ex: Picking up a new toy and being encouraged to play with it

Erikson’s 4th Developmental Stage

Industry vs Inferiority 

• elementary school, 6-12 years 

  • Ex: Being encouraged and praised at school

Erikson’s 5th Developmental Stage

Identity vs Identity Diffusion 

• Adolescence, 12-18 

• Knowing who you are vs being confused 

• Depression and anxiety can be developed, common 

  • Ex: Having the space to explore your interests and develop your identity

Erikson’s 6th Developmental Stage (adult)

Intimacy vs Self Absorption 

• Early adulthood, 18-40 years 

• Connecting with others 

  • Ex: Being able to form strong and stable relationships with others

Erikson’s 7th Developmental Stage

Generativity vs Stagnation 

• Adulthood, 40-65 years 

• Purpose, an cause midlife crisis 

  • Ex: Feeling ready to have kids and contribute to society

Erikson’s 8th Developmental Stage

Integrity vs Despair 

• 65-100s, end of life  

• Reflecting 

  • Ex: Looking back at life and contemplating if you did well or not

Oedipus and Electra Complex (Freud)

Oedpius = son wants mother

Electra = daughter wants father

Freud’s 5 Psychosexual Stages

1. Oral

2. Anal

3. Phallic

4. Latency

5. Genital

Freud’s 1st Psychosexual Stage

Oral Stage 

1. 0-18 months

2. Stuck: hysterical personalities, oral fixation

Freud’s 2nd Psychosexual Stage

Anal Stage 

1. 18 months - 3 years

2. Need for control 

3. Stuck: obsessive personalities

Freud’s 3rd Psychosexual Stage

Phallic Stage 

1. 3-6 yrs

2. Competing, Oedipus complex 

3. Stuck: egocentric personalities

Freud’s 4th Psychosexual Stage

Latency stage

1. 6yrs-puberty

2. School, friendship, and social rules 

3. Stuck: sexual repression

Freud’s 5th Psychosexual Stage

Genital stage

1. puberty-adulthood

2. forming relationships

3. Stuck: commitment issues

Bandura’s Social Learning Theories

1. Observational Learning

2. Self-Efficacy

Must first watch others (observational learning) and then apply it (self-efficacy) 

Bandura’s Observational Learning

• Learning through watching others

• Bobo Doll experiment 

• Modeling = imitating behavior of role models

Bandura’s Self-Efficacy

• The belief in oneself to accomplish a task or succeed 

• High self-efficacy = take on more difficult tasks and be more confident 

• Low self-efficacy = avoid challenges and give up quickly

Big 5 Personality Traits (OCEAN)

1. Openness

2. Conscientiousness

3. Extroversion

4. Agreeableness

5. Neuroticism

Big 5, O

Openness

• Willing to try new things 

• As someone grows their level of openness changes 

Big 5, C

Conscientiousness 

• Someone hardworking and organized 

• Can increase as someone grows older

Big 5, E

Extroversion 

• Outgoing and sociableness

• Introverted people learn how to handle social situations

Big 5, A

Agreeableness 

• Being compassionate and trusting 

• More agreeable by developing empathy

Big 5, N

Neuroticism 

• Emotional stability and being prone to anxiety 

• Some have lower because they learn how to manage it