World War I and the Russian Revolution Study Guide

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the key events, treaties, and socio-economic consequences of World War I and the Russian Revolution.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

The heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne whose murder in Sarajevo by a Serbian nationalist was the immediate trigger for the First World War in $1914$.

Armed Peace (Paz armada)

A period of tension where European powers maintained formal peace while arming themselves and forming secret alliances.

Central Powers

The military alliance composed of Germany and Austria-Hungary.

Triple Entente

The military alliance composed of France, the United Kingdom, and Russia.

War of Positions (Guerra de posiciones)

A phase of warfare starting in $1915$ where military fronts stabilized after the Battle of the Marne and neither side could break through defensive lines.

Indiscriminate Submarine Warfare

A naval strategy used by Germany to attack merchant ships and cut off the supply of resources to the Allies.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

A treaty signed in early $1918$ that signaled Russia's definitive exit from the war and the loss of its eastern territories to Germany.

Wilson's 14 Points

Principles for peace, including the abolition of secret diplomacy and the requirement for open and public international pacts.

Treaty of Versailles

The peace agreement that forced Germany to lose territories, demilitarize the Rhineland, reduce its army, and accept full guilt for the conflict.

Post-war Successor States

Independent states born from the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire by $1921$, including Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia.

Russian Empire (Civilian Mortality)

The country that recorded the highest rate of civilian mortality during the war due to hunger and combat.

German Industrial Production

A sector of the economy that collapsed by nearly $70\%$ as a result of the war.

February Revolution of 1917

An uprising caused by food shortages, social backwardness, and military defeats that led to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II.

April Theses (Tesis de Abril)

Lenin's Bolshevik political program that called for all power to the soviets, exiting the war, and nationalizing lands and industries.

October Revolution of 1917

A coordinated armed uprising in Petrogrado that overthrew the provisional government to establish socialist control.

Russian Civil War

A conflict from $1918$ to $1921$ between the Red Army and the counter-revolutionary White Army.

Tcheka

The repressive force used by the Bolshevik government to consolidate its power during the Russian Civil War.

Post-war Hyperinflation

An economic crisis that affected defeated European countries, leading to extreme poverty.

Tormenta de acero (Storm of Steel)

A realistic literary work by Jünger that portrayed the horror and trauma of the war.

Sin novedad en el frente occidental (All Quiet on the Western Front)

A famous realistic novel by Remarque inspired by the experiences of the trenches.