Biology 30 Energy Transfer

What is photosynthesis?

The incredible process of using CO2 and H2O to create sugar (glucose) and O2.

Balanced formula of photosynthesis.

6CO2 + 6H2O→light→ C6H12O6 + 6O2

Who can photosynthesize?

Some protists (algae), some bacteria, all plants. Producers=autotrophs

Who can NOT photosynthesize?

Consumers=heterotrophs, animals, humans, fungi, other protists/bacteria

Why is it important for us as animals to understand photosynthesis even though we can’t photosynthesize?

Oxygen, food.

What reactants must a plant have in order to photosynthesize?

1. CO2→ atmosphere

2. H20 → soil

3. Light

What does a plant need to help capture light?

Pigment molecules

What pigment do plants use for photosynthesis?

Chlorophyll

Chlorophyll is an expert at absorbing (blank) and (blank)light but not (blank) light. This is why most plants are the color (blank)

Red, blue, green, green

What accounts for the other colors plants may be?

Accessory pigments

Carotene=orange

Xanthophyll=yellow

Anthocyanins=red/blue→purple

Chlorophyll is found within the (blank)?

Chloroplast.

Light Dependent Reactions

Light.

Location: Occurs in the thylakoids

Main events: Light is converted into chemical energy (ATP, NADPH), H2O is split.

End products: ATP, NADPH, O2

Light Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)

Dark.

Location: Occurs in the stroma (cytoplasm of a chloroplast)

Main events: Use NADPH to fix CO2 into C6H12O6

End Products: C6H12O6, ADP+NADP

Why is the process of photosynthesis necessary for plants?

To create plant food (glucose).

Why is the process of photosynthesis necessary for all living things?

Get food (glucose) either directly (eating a plant), or indirectly (eating an animal). To get oxygen to break down the food once it’s been eaten.

What is cellular respiration?

The process where glucose is broken down to release its stored energy.

Balanced formula for cellular respiration.

C6H12O6 + 6O2→ 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP (energy, 36 in total)

What is ATP?

Biological energy. Adenosine triphosphate.

How ATP acts as biological energy.

When the phosphate group at the end is removed, energy is released and Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) is created. If a second phosphate group is removed, more energy is released and Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP) is created.

What type of energy do Prokaryotes use?

Anaerobic Respiration. No O2 is present. Called fermentation.

What type of respiration do Eukaryotes prefer to use?

Aerobic Respiration. O2 present.

Where cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria.

1. Glycolisis (in the cytoplasm)

2. Kreb’s Cycle (in the matrix, or cytoplasm of mitochondria)

3. Electron Transport Chain (Cristae)

What is fermentation?

Fermentation is also known as anaerobic respiration. This is respiration in the absence of oxygen.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

glucose→pyruvate→lactic acid + 2ATP. Occurs in animal muscle cells.

Alcohol Fermentation

glucose→pyruvate→alcohol + 2ATP. Occurs in yeast and bacteria.

During cellular respiration, the cell releases energy from this material.

Glucose.

The released energy from cellular respiration is stored in this substance.

ATP

The type of cellular respiration that requires oxygen.

Aerobic

The cell structure in which most of the reactions of cellular respiration occur.

Mitochondrion

In addition to energy, the other 2 products of cellular respiration are:

Carbon dioxide and water

The type of cellular respiration that does not require oxygen.

Anaerobic

The first of the two stages of cellular respiration

Glycolisis

The second of the two stages of cellular respiration

Citric Acid Cycle

What ATP is the primary source of the cell

Energy

Cells in the human body that are capable of anaerobic respiration.

Muscle.

Another name for the citric acid cycle

Krebs cycle

As the energy of ATP is used by the body, the ATP becomes what compound?

ADP

The full name of ATP is

Adenosine triphosphate

The type of anaerobic respiration used by yeast in bread making is

Fermentation