Governance and Development

This flashcard set covers the key concepts of human versus economic development, the capabilities approach, democratic listening styles, and environmental philosophies as presented in the lecture.

Economic Development

A focus strictly on wealth creation and financial metrics like GDP, assuming monetary growth benefits everyone equally.

Human Development

A development approach prioritizing actual quality of life, expanded human freedoms, opportunities, health, education, and equality.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The total value of all goods and services produced within a country's geographic borders.

Gross National Product (GNP)

The total economic output produced by a country's citizens and companies, regardless of whether they are located domestically or abroad.

Gross National Happiness (GNH)

Bhutan's metric for progress that prioritizes collective spiritual, psychological, and environmental health over material wealth.

Mismeasuring Our Lives

A critique of GDP by Stiglitz, Sen, and Fitoussi, arguing it overlooks income inequality, environmental degradation, and unpaid household labor.

Amartya Sen's Theory on Famine

The argument that famine is not caused by an absence of food, but by the lack of capabilities of people to produce or access food.

Capabilities Approach

A theory by Sen and Nussbaum suggesting social justice should be evaluated by what individuals are actually able to do and be, such as maintaining bodily integrity and practical reason.

Life (Central Capability)

Being able to live to the end of a human life of normal length without dying prematurely.

Bodily Health (Central Capability)

Having good health, including reproductive health, adequate nourishment, and shelter.

Bodily Integrity (Central Capability)

The ability to move freely from place to place, retain body sovereignty, and be secure against violent or sexual assault.

Senses, Imagination, and Thought (Central Capability)

The ability to use the mind and senses through education, literacy, and freedom of expression.

Practical Reason (Central Capability)

The capability to form a conception of the good and engage in critical reflection about the planning of one's life.

Affiliation (Central Capability)

The ability to live with others, show concern for human beings, and be treated as a dignified being with equal worth.

Control Over One's Environment

A capability involving participation in political choices, holding property, and seeking equal employment opportunities.

Voice

The capacity of individuals, especially the marginalized, to speak up and influence crucial decisions.

Choice

The actual availability of viable and safe alternatives for an individual.

Agency

The inner power to act that enables people to actively pursue their goals.

Strategic Voice

A product of learning experiences via apophatic listening that deepens democracy through an open, dialogic process.

Cataphatic Listening

A traditional top-down approach in a democracy where officials prescribe pre-determined solutions without truly listening to the community.

Apophatic Listening

A bottom-up active listening approach involving active silence and the suspension of biases to allow marginalized members to speak.

Laylayan

The most marginalized members of society, such as indigenous peoples or landless farmers, who are given space in apophatic listening.

Hiya

A deeply ingrained Filipino trait of shame or timidity in front of authority that can prevent marginalized individuals from expressing anxieties.

Sustainable Development

A framework balancing economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental protection, highlighted by the 2015 UN Sustainable Development Goals.

Anthropocentrism

A human-centered point of view that regards human beings as the central element of the universe and other life forms as resources to be consumed.

Ecologism

A regenerative development approach where human actions actively restore and renew the health and vitality of the planet as an interconnected system.