control of breathing

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6 Terms

1
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Ventilation (Alveolar)

Maintains blood gases and pH as well as brining gas and blood into contact

Alveolar ventilation = tidal volume - anatomic dead space x respiratory rate

Can also be alveolar ventilation of CO2 ie the amount of CO2 produced / partial pressure of CO2 in arterial blood

<p>Maintains blood gases and pH as well as brining gas and blood into contact </p><p>Alveolar ventilation = tidal volume - anatomic dead space x respiratory rate </p><p>Can also be alveolar ventilation of CO2 ie the amount of CO2 produced / partial pressure of CO2 in arterial blood </p>
2
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Control of respiration

  • under automatic control

  • Unconscious

  • Negative feedback system to maintain blood gasses and acid base balance within normally ranges for optimal cellular function

  • Can be overridden manually

  • On Diane’s curse - congenital central hypo ventilation syndrome

<ul><li><p>under automatic control </p></li><li><p>Unconscious </p></li><li><p>Negative feedback system to maintain blood gasses and acid base balance within normally ranges for optimal cellular function </p></li><li><p>Can be overridden manually </p></li><li><p>On Diane’s curse - congenital central hypo ventilation syndrome </p></li></ul>
3
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Respiratory centre

  • central controller

  • Located in several regions in the medulla and pons of brain stem

  • Generates respiratory rhythm

  • Control rate, depth and pattern of respiration

Dorsal respiratory group - this plays a fundamental role in the control of respiration, generating the basic rhythm of respiration. This is located in the dorsal medulla, which is close to the sensory termination of both vagaries and glossopharyngeal nerves which transmit sensory signals into the respiratory centre

<ul><li><p>central controller </p></li><li><p>Located in several regions in the medulla and pons of brain stem </p></li><li><p>Generates respiratory rhythm </p></li><li><p>Control rate, depth and pattern of respiration </p></li></ul><p>Dorsal respiratory group - this plays a fundamental role in the control of respiration, generating the basic rhythm of respiration. This is located in the dorsal medulla, which is close to the sensory termination of both vagaries and glossopharyngeal nerves which transmit sensory signals into the respiratory centre </p>
4
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<p>Extra information </p>

Extra information

Receptors in muscles and joints

Central chemoreceptors - located on ventral surface of medulla in brainstem, carbon dioxide can diffuse across the blood brain barrier, this is an increase in co2 in csf will increase the hydrogen ion concentration and stimulate the central chemoreceptor, it is good to know that these are not sensitive to change

<p>Receptors in muscles and joints </p><p>Central chemoreceptors - located on ventral surface of medulla in brainstem, carbon dioxide can diffuse across the blood brain barrier, this is an increase in co2 in csf will increase the hydrogen ion concentration and stimulate the central chemoreceptor, it is good to know that these are not sensitive to change </p>
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<p>Peripheral chemoreceptors </p>

Peripheral chemoreceptors

Locations - carotid bodies at bifurcation of common carotid arteries, aortic bodies above ad below aortic arch and th carotid bodies are most important

Lung receptor and reflexes - stretch receptors and J receptors with irritant receptor and more

<p>Locations - carotid bodies at bifurcation of common carotid arteries, aortic bodies above ad below aortic arch and th carotid bodies are most important </p><p>Lung receptor and reflexes - stretch receptors and J receptors with irritant receptor and more </p>
6
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Summary

  • ventilation controlled automatically b negative feedback to maintain arterial blood gases and acid base balance

  • Central chemoreceptors respond to carbon dioxide levels only, whereas peripheral chemoreceptor respond to oxygen levels also

  • Carbon dioxide levels provide the main stimulus to ventilation, but low oxygen levels also contribute to an integrated response