(BIOL 101) Module 1 Study Guide

1. List the eleven levels of biological organization (in order). Be sure to know brief definitions of each level - e.g. a population = organisms of the same species in the same area at the same time.

2. What is an emergent property? Can you give an example (or two) from the list in Q1?

3. List the five common characteristics of living things.

4. Using DOGS REACH - what are the common characteristics of living things?

5. List the eight levels of taxonomic classification in order - largest to smallest.

6. What is binomial nomenclature? What does it include? Give an example.

7. List the 3 Domains of life on Earth. Generally, who is in each domain? (eukaryotes, bacteria, extremophiles) Which one are you in?

8. List the 4 Kingdoms in the Domain Eukarya.

9. List the steps of the scientific method. What happens in each step?

10. Define and be able to identify as part of an experiment: a. independent variable b. dependent variable c. control group d. constants e. hypothesis (remember, a hypothesis must be TESTABLE!)

11. How do theories and laws differ? What evidence are they based upon?

12. Identify the individual parts that make up an atom and what charge each has.

13. Atoms of the same element ALWAYS have the same number of ________.

14. Which part of the atom is involved in chemical reactions?

15. What are the two main types of atomic bonds and distinguish between the two.

16. Which elements tend to be MORE electronegative? Which ones are LESS electronegative? (general regions on the periodic table only)

17. Of the following, which two are highly electronegative? H, C, N, and O.

18. Distinguish between a nonpolar and a polar covalent bond.

19. Why is water considered a polar molecule?

20. What are some properties of water that make it essential for life? (we discussed 4)

21. What type of bond is responsible for these properties (#20 above)?

22. Distinguish between cohesion and adhesion. How do these properties of water help sustain life?

23. What's the difference between heat and temperature? Which has more heat - a cup of steaming hot cocoa or a swimming pool in SC in January? Why?

24. Why does water have such a high specific heat? What is responsible?

25. Why does ice float? Why is this important for life?

26. You dissolve 5 grams of sugar in 100 mL of water. What is the solvent? solute? solution?

27. Why is water's ability to dissolve many different molecules so essential to life? Give an example (or two).

28. Distinguish between acids and bases - including pH values and their effect on H+ ion concentrations in a solution

29. Substance A has a pH of 6. Substance B has a pH of 8. Is substance A an acid or base? Is substance B an acid or base? How much more acidic is substance A vs substance B?

30. What is a buffer? Briefly describe how it works. Name an example and where it is primarily found in our bodies. (use the one presented in class)

31. How do monomers, polymers, and macromolecules all relate to one another?

32. List the monomers and polymers (if applicable) for the 4 macromolecules.

33. Which macromolecule type contains: peptide bonds? ester linkages? glycosidic bonds? phosphodiester bonds?

34. What is the function of dehydration (condensation) and hydrolysis reactions? How are they alike? How are they different?

35. Distinguish between the following monomers: ribose, fructose, glucose, and galactose (number of carbons and aldose/ketose)

36. Name 3 disaccharides.

37. List the structural and storage carbohydrates for both plants and animals. Which ones are branched? linear? Which contain alpha-glucose? beta- glucose? something other than glucose?

38. Why do alpha and beta glucose linkages create molecules of different shapes? What accounts for this difference?

39. What is the common feature of lipids? Name several different types of lipid.

40. What is the general structure of a triglyceride?

41. What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid? Which are better for you health-wise? WHY?

42. What is the different between cis and trans fatty acids? Why are trans fats so bad for our health?

43. How many amino acids are found in nature? What is the same in all amino acids? What makes each amino acid unique? What properties do some amino acids possess? (they are color coded on the slides - yellow, green, pink, and blue - you do NOT need to memorize which ones fit into each category)

44. What is an enzyme? (which category and what is its function)

45. List 8 functions of proteins.

46. Describe the FOUR levels of protein folding. What interactions are involved? What types of bonds are involved?

47. What happens when a protein is denatured? Is it reversible? What two changes can denature proteins?

48. What are the two nucleic acid polymers? Which one stores genetic information? Which one assists in protein production?

49. What ELEMENTS make up carbohydrates? lipids? proteins? nucleic acids? hints: the name carbohydrate gives it away, only words with N in them contain nitrogen, and nucleic acids contain the most elements (5).

50. Two of the macromolecules contain the same elements. What makes them different?