ch 1 bst

Nature, Level and coordination in management

management as science: Definition

science can be defined as a systematic and organized body of knowledge based on logically observed findings, facts and events. science comprises exact principles which can be verified and it can establish cause and effect relationship

Feature or characteristics of science in management

1. systematic body of knowledge :- present

2. Principles are based on observation and experimentation:- partially present

3. universal validity:- not present

management as an art

art can be defined as skillful and personal application of knowledge in a creative way to achieve the desired results

features of art in management

1. Existence of theoretical knowledge:- present

2. Personalised application:- present

3. Based on practice and creativity:-present

management as profession

profession can be defined as an occupation backed by specialised knowledge and training, in which entry is restricted

features of management in profession

1. well defined body of knowledge:- present

2. Restricted entry:- not present currently

3. Presence of profesional associations:- not present currently

4. existence of ethical codes:- not present currently

5. service motive:- not present currently

management: both science and art

management is both science as well as art. Like science it has systematic and well organised body of knowledge and like art it requires personal skill, creativity and practice to apply such knowledge in the best possible way. science and art are not in contrast to each other; both exist together in every function of management.

levels of management

1. top level

2. middle level

3. lower/supervisory level

Functions of top level management

1. Responsible for welfare and survival of organisation.

2. To integrate diverse elements and coordinate the activates.

3. analyse business environment and its implications for survival of the firm.

4. determining the objectives of the enterprise.

5. Liaison with outside world, for example, meeting Government officials, etc.

functions of middle management

1. carry out plans formed by top level management.

2. Interpret the policies framed by top management.

3. ensure that their department has necessary personnels.

4. Motivate employees to achieve desired objectives.

functions of supervisory level of management

1. looking to safety of workers.

2. maintaining good working conditions and developing healthy relations between superior and subordinate.

3. Minimising the wastage of materials and maintaining safety standards.

4. Responsible for quality, quantity of output and loyalty of workers

5. they try to maintaining precise standard of quality and ensure steady flow of output.

Coordination

The process of synchronising the activities of different department is known as coordinaion.

coordination the essence of management

1. coordination is needed to perform all the functions of management

2. Coordination is required at all levels

3. coordination is a must for survival and success of an organisation

Nature/ features of coordination

1. Coordination integrates group efforts

2. ensures unity of efforts

3. continuous process

4. coordination is pervasive function

5. deliberate function

importance of coordination

1. Growth in size

2. functional differentiation

3. specialisation