A&P Chapter 2 Chemistry

first shell

holds up to 2 electrons

enzyme cofactors

transition metals are

cofactors

enzyme _____ help make enzyme’s active site functional

H

form single bonds

O

form double bonds

N

form triple bonds

C

form four (two double) bonds

Electrolytes

substances the release ions in water

NaCl> Na(+) + Cl-

Acids

electrolytes that dissociate to hydrogen ions in water

HCl>H(+)+Cl-

Bases

electrolytes that dissociate to release hydroxide ions (OH-) in water

NaOH>Na(+)+OH-

Salts

electrolytes formed by the reaction between an acid and a base

HCl+NaOH>H2O+NaCl

pH scale

indicates the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution

logarithmic

10

pH scale is _______, so each x change in pH = ___x change in H+ concentration

Acidic

pH less than 7, indicates a greater concentration of H+

Basic or alkaline

pH greater than 7, indicates a greater concentration of OH-

7.35-7.45

normal blood pH

Alkalosis

blood pH increase to 7.5 -7.8

Acidosis

blood pH decrease to 7.0-7.3

Buffers

homeostatic mechanisms help regulate pH

-chemicals which act to resist pH changes

C H

organic molecules contain elements ______

Water

-most abundant compound in living material

-2/3 of the weight of an adult human

-major component of all body fluid

-medium for most metabolic reactions

-important role in transporting chemicals in the body

-absorbs and transport heat

Oxygen

-used by organelles to release energy from nutrients in order to drive cell's metabolic activities

-Necessary for survival

Carbon dioxide

-waste product released during metabolic reactions

-must be removed from the body

Inorganic salts

-abundant in body fluids

-sources of necessary ions

-play important roles in metabolism

necessary ions

(Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca2+, ) sources of

glyc

sweet

iso

equal

lip

fat

-lyt

dissolvable suffix

nucle-

kernel

sacchar

sugar

-valent

having power

Carbohydrate

contains C, H, O

soluble

carbohydrates are _____ in water (soluble/insoluble)

carbohydrates

3 categories:

-monosaccharides

-disaccharides

-polysaccharides

Monosaccharides

C6H12O6

eg.

glucose

fructose

Disaccharides

eg.

sucrose

lactose

Polysaccharides

eg.

glycogen (animals)

starch (plants)

cellulose

polymer

di- or polysaccharide

polymer

2+ monomers together =

monomer

added together make polymer

glycosidic bond

sugar bond

dehydration synthesis

monomer + monomer → polymer is example of ______ reaction

dehydration synthesis

______ reaction: removes H2O to bond together

hydrolysis

______ reaction: adds H2O to split apart

H on one side, OH on other

hydrolysis

starch breaking down is example of _____ reaction

lipid

contains C, H, O, sometimes P

insoluble

lipids are _____ in water (soluble/insoluble)

triglycerides

Fat

-used primarily for energy

-most common lipid in the body

Triglyceride

composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids per molecule

dehydration synthesis

fatty acids bonding to glycerol is example of ____ reaction

glycerol

in fats (triglycerides) and phospholipids- the fatty acids and P bond to the 3 carbons of ______

fatty acid

can be saturated or unsaturated

Saturated

_____ fatty acids have only single carbon to carbon bonds

Unsaturated

______ fatty acids have one or more carbon to carbon double bond

Saturated

______ fats where 3 of 3 fatty acids are ***

-mostly solid and come from animals

Unsaturated

_______ fats where at least 1 of 3 fatty acids are ***

-mostly liquid and come from plants

Phospholipids

contains two fatty acids and a phosphate group bound to a glycerol molecule.

Phospholipid

have hydrophilic end and hydrophobic end

cell membrane

phospholipids major component of

steroid

4 rings of connected Carbon (eg. cholesterol)

Protein

contains C, H, O, N, sometimes S

protein

2+ amino acids joined together make a ______

protein lipid

hormones can be both ____ or ____ (macromolecules)

steroid

the type of lipid that’s a hormone is ____

proteins

most enzymes are ______ (macromolecule)

proteins

receptor macromolecules are ______

proteins

antibodies are ____ (macromolecule)

amino acids

Protein building blocks are _____

polypeptide chain

string of nucleic acids is called

Peptide

amino acids held together by ____ bonds

Proteins

are complex three dimensional shapes

-shape activates and determines function

Primary

_(step)_ protein structure: linear amino acid squence / polypeptide chain

Secondary

_(step)_ protein structure: amino acids chains form alpha helix or beta pleated sheets

hydrogen bonds

protein structure of alpha helix or beta pleated sheet held together by ______

secondary

first protein structure step to break down

Tertiary

_(step)_ protein structure:

folds into a 3-D structure

Disulfide bridge

holds together 3D structure of tertiary protein structure

tertiary

second protein structure step to break down

Quaternary

_(step)_ protein structure:

2+ proteins joining together to make one protein

Nucleic acids

(macromolecule) polynucleotide chain that encodes the amino acids sequences of proteins

nucleic acid

contains C, H, O, N, P

nucleotides

building blocks of nucleic acids

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

double polynucleotide

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

single polynucleotide

pentose

5 carbons in ring

phosphate

pentose

nitrogenous base

Nucleotide is made of these 3 things (outer to inner)

nitrogenous base

part of nucleotide that encodes info

T

double

nitrogenous base A bonds to _____ with a __(#)__ bond

G

triple

nitrogenous base C bonds to _____ with a __(#)__ bond

U

T

RNA has a ____ nucleotide instead of ____