The American Revolution (1775-1783): Chapter 6 (2021)

A soldier who ran away is called a ______________.

deserter

A ________________ is a hired soldier. The Hessians (German soldiers) were hired by the British to fight in the war.

mercenary

A ________________ was an American who supported independence.

Patriot

A _______________ was an American who supported Great Britain and opposed war for independence

Loyalist

The patrol of waterways to prevent other ships from entering or leaving harbors is called a ________________.

blockade

____________ means to approve

ratify

A surprise attack is called an ____________.

ambush

A ______________ is a privately owned merchant ship equipped with weapons.

privateer

_________ __________ is a hit-and-run technique used in battle.

guerrilla warfare

__________ means to enlist (in the armed forces).

recruit

When a person and/or group takes neither side in a conflict, they are ___________.

neutral

__________ means to leave the army without permission.

desert

When Congress printed too much paper money to finance the Revolutionary War, the value of the money went down. This is called ___________.

inflation

After the British evacuated (left) Boston in the spring of 1776, they looked for another place to attack and this was ______ _______ ______.

New York City

Washington moved his troops to _________ ________ to defend New York City from British attack.

Long Island

In August 1776, British General ________ ________ landed 34,000 troops in New York and anchored 88 Royal Navy ships in the harbor.

William Howe

Battle of Long Island (August 1776): the British advanced across Long Island to ___________ Washington's army.

defeat

Battle of Long Island (August 1776): the Patriots were __________ by more than 2 to 1.

The Patriots were defeated and trapped against the East River.

outnumbered

The Battle of Long Island (August 1776) was a _____________ for the Continental Army.

disaster

By the third day (Battle of Long Island) the British thought the war was over and stopped fighting long enough to send a note to Washington asking him to ______________.

surrender

As a result of the defeat from the Battle of Long Island, Washington had to retreat across _________ _________, then over to the Delaware River in Pennsylvania

New Jersey

Three days after the Patriots retreated to New Jersey, a _________ destroyed more than 300 buildings in downtown New York.

fire

Who volunteered to stay behind British lines in New York City to spy? He was eventually captured and hanged.

Nathan Hale

Nathan Hale famously said, "I only regret that I have but one life to _________ for my country."

lose

Three spy techniques during the American Revolution were mask letters, the Freemason's Cipher, and __________ __________.

invisible ink.

Who was the historical figure that committed treason and commanded West Point?

Benedict Arnold

This historical figure was captured by three men in Tarrytown, NY and he ate his last meal in Yorktown.

Major John Andre

___________ ____________'s essay, "The American Crisis" was read to the entire Continental Army by Washington to inspire them to continue to fight for independence.

"These are the times that try men's souls..."

Thomas Paine

Thomas Paine wrote "The American Crisis" in the frigid _________, and by a campfire with a musket on his knee. He wrote on the head of a drum on December 23rd.

snow

In "The American Crisis" the soldier that is carefree, will only fight when obstacles are easily won, and has no trouble finding food is known as a __________ ___________.

summer soldier

Battle of Trenton: On _____________ night, 1776, Washington led his troops across the Delaware River from Pennsylvania into New Jersey.

Christmas

Battle of Trenton: On December 26th, the Americans captured over 1,400 ______________ (German soldiers) in Trenton. They were taken by surprise!

Hessians

When British General ______________ heard of the Hessian defeat, he marched more than 8,000 Redcoats toward Trenton to defeat the colonists.

Cornwallis

Washington and his army retreated from Trenton and quietly marched to ___________, where he surprised and defeated a British force.

Princeton

The Battles of Trenton and Princeton were not big battle victories, but they increased American _________ by providing new hope for the Revolution. Thousands of new Patriots decided to join the Continental Army.

morale

The British planned to win the war by ____________ the New England Colonies from the Middle Colonies and the Southern Colonies. They would fight battles in each section and this strategy is called "divide and conquer."

separating

The war strategy of "divide and conquer" was successful or unsuccessful for the British?

unsuccessful

Britain asked General _________ __________ to come up with the plan to win the war (divide and conquer) by:
-Take Albany, NY
-Gain control of the Hudson River
-Separate New England Colonies from Middle Colonies & Southern Colonies

John Burgoyne

Burgoyne's plan of "divide and conquer" did not go as expected because Howe decided to head for ___________ from NYC instead of heading north to Albany. The western armies never made it east.

Philadelphia

Burgoyne and his army sailed down Lake Champlain and recaptured ________ __________.

Fort Ticonderoga

As Burgoyne and his army moved south, they experienced __________ attacks from the Americans. This kept the British soldiers on edge and scared.

guerrilla

American General Horatio Gates, General Benedict Arnold, and thousands of riflemen waited for Burgoyne at ___________.

Saratoga

After a month of fierce fighting at Saratoga, Burgoyne's entire force was _____________ and captured.

defeated

On October 17, 1777, Burgoyne surrendered at Saratoga and offered his ___________ in defeat.

sword

The Battle of Saratoga is considered the _________ _________ of the war since it convinced France to join the war on the side of the U.S.

turning point

This historical figure was sent to France to negotiate and sign a treaty of alliance and commerce.

Benjamin Franklin

This battle strengthened the American position in the west. George Rogers Clark and 175 men captured 3 British forts, including the fort, ____________.
Henry Hamilton was the British commander

Vincennes

Which American naval officer said the famous words, "I have not yet begun to fight?"

John Paul Jones

John Paul Jones was commander of the Bonhomme Richard and forced the surrender of the British

warship, the ________, after a long battle

at sea

Serapis

Loyalist support was the strongest in the _________.

south

After the British realized that the Americans were not going to rejoin the British empire, their strategy was changed to defeat the Americans, not just "________ them up.

beat

The worst American defeat was at ____________, South Carolina. Thousands of prisoners were taken and the British said, "We look on America as at our feet."

Charlestown

This American leader was known as "The Swamp Fox" since he was a successful guerilla leader who operated out of the swamps of South Carolina.

Francis Marion

The British were good at controlling ___________ areas.

urban

The American and ___________troops cornered Cornwallis and the British in Yorktown

French

Admiral de Grasse, Lafayette, Washington, and ________________ were involved in the siege of Yorktown.

Rochambeau

Battle of Yorktown: _____________ surrendered on October 19, 1781, ending the Revolutionary War!

Cornwallis

This peace treaty was ratified on September 3, 1783

Treaty of Paris

Ben Franklin, __________ __________, and John Jay represented the United States at the peace talks (Treaty of Paris) in 1783

John Adams

Terms of the Treaty of Paris: the British recognized the United States as an ______________ nation.

independent

Terms of the Treaty of Paris: U.S. territory stretched from Canada to __________ and from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River.

Florida

Terms of the Treaty of Paris: Britain returned Florida to ___________. Also, Americans could fish off the coast of Canada.

Spain

Terms of the Treaty of Paris: the U.S. promised to pay the Loyalists for the ___________ they lost in war.

property

Washington said ____________ to his officers in December 1783 at Fraunces' Tavern in New York City.

farewell

American Advantages/How the Americans Won:

-__________ field

home

American Advantages/How the Americans Won:

-mastery of the __________ areas

rural

American Advantages/How the Americans Won:

- ____________ from France and Spain

help

American Advantages/How the Americans Won:

-The British decided war was too __________ to continue (unpopular in England)

expensive

American Advantages/How the Americans Won:

-The American people _____________ in their cause,

believed

On July 4, 1776, the delegates accepted which famous document?

It was written by Thomas Jefferson (with the help of Ben Franklin and John Adams).

The Declaration of Independence

The American encampment, ______________ ____________, located outside of Philadelphia, PA was referred to as "A winter of our discontent." This encampment was winter 1777-1778.

Valley Forge

The conditions at Valley Forge were very tough. Due to weather conditions, shortages of foods and blankets, no shelter, and the spread of illnesses, Washington's troops faced ____________.

hardships

Valley Forge: Washington knew he had a chance of losing his army but he had to keep strict ____________ at the camp.

discipline

This historical figure was a Prussian (German) officer and an expert in military discipline. He was a tremendous help to the troops while at Valley Forge.

Baron von Steuben

In order to beat the British on the __________ field, von Steuben taught the Americans how to march, charge bayonets, and become a European Army.

open

Valley Forge was important because the American troops emerged as a better ________ force. The skills they learned helped in future battles.

fighting