Pysch Modules 1-3

empricism

the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation

Wilhelm Wundt

Established the first psychology laboratory in the University of Leipzig, Germany

G. Stanley Hall

Established the first formal US psychological laboratory in Johns Hopkins Univerisity

structuralism

early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind

functionalism

early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes function, how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish

William James

A philosopher and psychologist that is hailed as the father of American psychology

experimental psychology

the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method

Mary Calkins

Memory researcher and first female APA president who got her PHD denied at Harvard

Margaret Washburn

First woman to earn a psychology PHD who later made a book about animal behavior called In the Animal Mind. She also became the second APA president as a woman

John Watson

Championed the idea of behaviorism and demonstrated conditioned responses on a baby who became famous as “Little Albert.”

B.F. Skinner

rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior

behaviorism

the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)

humanistic psychology

a historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people.

cognitive neuroscience

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language).

psychology

the science of behavior and mental processes

Sigmund Freud

Promoter of the psychoanalytic approach which was very controversial

nature–nurture issue

the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors.

natural selection

the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

levels of analysis

the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon.

biopsychosocial approach

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.

Carl Rogers

found both Freudian psychology and behaviorism too limiting and drew attention to ways that current environmental influences can nurture or limit our growth potential, and to the importance of having our needs for love and acceptance satisfied.

Ivan Pavlov

Russian physiologist who was a promoter for behaviorism. He also pioneered the study of learning

Jean Pigent

Swiss biologist who was the most influential observer of children

Charles Darwin

person who discovered natural selection

behavioral psychology

Studies how observable behaviors are learned through environmental stimuli, conditioning, and reinforcement or punishment.

biological psychology

Examines how the body, particularly the brain, nervous system, and genetics, influences our thoughts, feelings, and behavior.

cognitive psychology

Investigates internal mental processes such as perception, memory, problem-solving, and how information is processed and understood.

evolutionary psychology

Explores how natural selection and evolutionary adaptations have shaped behaviors and mental processes to promote survival and reproduction over generations.

psychodynamic psychology

Focuses on how unconscious desires, early childhood experiences, and unresolved internal conflicts shape behavior.

social-cultural psychology

Highlights the significant impact of culture, social norms, and situational factors on an individual's behavior and thought processes.

psychometrics

the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits.

basic research

pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.

developmental psychology

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

educational psychology

the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning.

personality psychology

the study of an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

social psychology

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

applied research

scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.

industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology

the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces.

human factors psychology

an I/O psychology subfield that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use

counseling psychology

a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being

clinical psychology

a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.

psychiatry

a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy.

positive psychology

the scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.

community psychology

a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups

Dorothea Dix

an American advocate on behalf of the poor mentally ill.

testing effect

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.

SQ3R

a study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review

School pyschologists

involved in the assessment of and intervention for children in educational settings. They diagnose and treat cognitive, social, and emotional problems that may negatively influence children’s learning or overall functioning at school.

Sport pyschologists

study the psychological factors that influence, and are influenced by, participation in sports and other physical activities. Their professional activities include coach education and athlete preparation, as well as research and teaching.

Rehabilitation Psychologists

researchers and practitioners who work with people who have lost optimal functioning after an accident, illness, or other event.

Nueropsychologists

investigate the relationship between neurological processes (struc ture and function of the nervous system) and behavior.

Health pyschologists

researchers and practitioners concerned with psychology’s contribution to promoting health and preventing disease