ALL of AP world key concepts and specifics

9.1 How development of new technologies changed the world.

Air travel and shipping containers made the world smaller due to accessibility and allowing us to travel faster, production increased with petroleum, birth control allowed women more control over fertility, GMOS and fertilizers allowed an increase in production in order to feed growing population, increase in life expectancy due to vaccines and antibiotics, but elders couldn’t work so they took resources and could not produce.

9.2 How environmental factors affected human population.

Diseases associated with poverty like, Malaria or Tuberculosis. New epidemics like the Influenza and HIV/AIDS, which threatened populations. Diseases associated with old age like heart disease and Alzheimer’s.

9.3 Causes and effects of enviromental changes.

Increase in competition for resources due to an increase in deforestation, decline in air quality, and increase in water consumption. Increase in release of greenhouse gases, which contributed to debates about nature and climate change.

9.4Continuties and changes in global economy.

End of cold war many govs adopted capitalism like, the U.S under Reagan and China under Xiaoping. Communication tech led to the growth of knowledge economies like in Japan and U.S while countries like Vietnam and Mexico stayed with industrial production and manufacturing. Spread of practices associated with free-market economies fueled multinational corporations like Nestle and Nissan.

9.5 How social roles have maintained and changed

Challenged discrimination, the Universal declaration of human rights and global feminism movements. More exclusivity for professional roles, women can hod a role in government in U.S the rising rate of women in high education, the U.S civil rights act, the end of apartheid in Africa. Fought for environmental like Greenpeace and economic movements like the World fair trade organization.

9.6 How globalization changed culture.

Increase in popular and consumer culture, like Reggae music, Bollywood movies, twitter and face book and the world cup and the Olympics. Increase in globalization influence due to increase in consumer culture. Global brands like Toyota and Coca-Cola contributed to global consumerism.

9.7 Responses to globalization.

Anti-IMF and Anti-World bank activism. The locally developed social media, Weibo, in China to limit foreign influence.

9.8 How globalization changed international interactions.

The United Nations was formed with the goal of maintain world peace and facilitating international cooperation.

9.9 How did science and technology bring change.

Altered the understanding of the universe and natural world, led to advances in communication, transportation, agriculture, and medicine. Radio communication, cellular communication and the Internet, and Air travel and shipping containers reduced geographic distance. Petroleum increased production and nuclear power raised productivity. More effective birth control gave women a frater control over fertility and contributed to declining rates of fertility.

2.1 Causes and effects of growth of networks of exchange.

Increased trade and expanded trade routes like the Silk Roads which promoted the growth of cities (effect) that were located on the trading routes like, Kashgar. Trade of luxury goods were encouraged by new commercial technologies (cause) like, bills of exchange, use of paper money, and banking houses, and innovations like the caravanserai. Demand for luxury goods (cause) like silk increased which expanded Asian production of textiles and porcelains for export.

2.2 Process of state building and decline in Eurasia.

Empires collapsed throughout Eurasia, and some were replaced by the Mongols.

2.2 Expansion of empires influenced trade and communication over time.

Expansion of empires like the Mongols, facilitated trade and communications because people where drawn into their economies and trade networks.

2.2 Significance of the Mongol empire in larger patterns of continuity and change.

Interregional contact and conflicts between states encourages significant tech and cultural transfers, like the transfer of Islamic medical knowledge to Europe or the Adoption of the Uyghur script in the Mongol empire.

2.3 Causes of the growth of networks of exchange.

Technology and commercial practices that help increase the value of trade, like the Indian ocean, which promoted growth of new trading cities, like the Swahili coast in Africa. The compass, astrolabe, and larger ship designs encouraged trade of luxury goods. Indian ocean facilitated the growth of states.

2.3 Effects of the growth of networks of exchange.

The set up of diasporic communities like Chinese merchant communities in southeast Asia or Arab and Persian communities in east Africa. Interregional contacts between states encouraged cultural and tech transfers, including the activity led by Ming admiral Zheng He and his voyages.

2.3 Role of environmental factors in the development of networks of exchange.

The expansion of long-distance trade routes advanced knowledge, like the monsoon winds.

2.4 Causes and effects of the growth of trans-Saharan trade.

Growth of interregional trade was encouraged by new transportation technologies (cause) like, camel saddle and caravans. Transportation technologies and commercial practices (cause) led to an increase in trade. Facilitated the exchange of ideas and culture (effect) like the spread of Islam to regions like Mali.

2.4 Expansion of empires influenced trade and communication over time.

The expansion of empires like, Mali in west Africa, facilitated trade and communication as people were drawn into the economies and trade networks.

2.5 Intellectual and cultural effects of the various networks of exchange in Afro-Eurasia.

Cross-cultural interactions led to a diffusion of literacy, artistic, and cultural traditions, like the influence of Buddhism in East Asia, the spread of Hinduism and Buddhism into Southeast Asia, or the spread of Islam in sub-Saharan Africa. and scientific and technological innovations, like gunpowder and paper. Travelers like, Ibn Battuta and Marco Polo, wrote about their travels throughout the trade routes.

2.6 Enviromental effects of the various networks of exchange.

There was diffusion of crops like, Bananas’ in Africa and New rice varieties in East Asia, and diseases, like the bubonic plague, along trade routes.

3.1 How and why did land-based empires develop and expand?

Portuguese and Dutch used their advanced naval technology to dominate trade routes and establish empires.

3.2: How did rulers maintain and justify their rule?

Ottoman Empire used the devshirme system to staff their burecracy with high trained individuals. The Ottoman also used the development of military professionals, janissaries. Europe used religious ideas, like the divine right of kings.

3.3 How did belief systems effect society?

The development of Sikhism in South Asia, blend of Hindu and Islam. Political rivalries between Ottoman (Sunni) and Safavid (Shia) intensified the split of the two Muslim religions.

3.4 How did empires increase their influence?

Ottoman conquered Constantinople and renamed it Istanbul with the use of gunpowder weapons. Akbar expanded the Mughal Empire due to his tolerant policies.

8.1 Historical context of the Cold war.

Self-government promises where unfulfilled after World War I like, India from Britian. After World War II, more colonies restructured their states and gained independence.

8.2 Causes and effects of the ideological struggle of the Cold war.

The global balance of power shifted to democratic US and communist Soviet Union, which led to ideological conflict between capitalism and communism (cause). States like, Ghana, where apart of the non-aligned movement.

8.3 Ways in which the US and the soviets sought to maintain influence over the time of the Cold War.

The development of new alliances like, NATO and the Warsaw Pact, which led to proxy wars, like Korean war or Sandinista-contras conflict in Nicaragua.

8.4 Causes and consequences of Chinas adoption of communism.

Chinese communist controlled China, these changes led to a Chinese revolution. In communist China, they imposed the Great Leap Forward economic system, this system included land redistribution and was similar to the Five-year plan in Russia.

8.4 Causes and effects of movements to redistribute economic resources.

Movements to redistribute land and resources sometimes advocated communism like the Communist revolution for Vietnamese independence and White revolution in Iran.

8.5 Compare the processes by which various peoples pursued independence.

Nationalist leaders sough independence from imperial rule like the Indian National congress. Some colonies negotiated their independence like, India from the British empire, while some used armed struggle like, Vietnam from French and Algeria from French.

8.6 How political changes in the period from 1900 to the present led to territorial, demographic, and nationalist developments.

The redrawing of boundaries after the withdrawal of former colonial leaders led to the creation of new states like Pakistan in India. The redrawing of boundaries led to conflict as well as displacement, like the creation of Israel.

8.6 The economic changes and continuities resulting from the process of decolonization.

In newly independent states govs took on a role in guiding the economy, like in Egypt under Nasser with the nationalization of the Suez Canal.

8.7 Various reactions to existing power structures.

Groups and individuals challenged existing power systems with nonviolence, like Martin Luther King in US, Ghandi in India, and Nelson Mandela in South Africa. Militarized states often responded with violence which furthered conflict.

8.8 The causes of the end of the Cold War.

Advances in the US tech and military, Soviets costly and failed invasion of Afghanistan, public discontent and economic weakness in communist countries led to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold war.

7.1 How internal and external factors contributed to change in various states.

Empires gave way to new states like the U.S. Ottoman, Russia, and Qing all declines due to internal and external factors, like in the Qing the Taiping rebellion. Mexican revolution challenged existing political and social order.

7.2 Causes and consequences of World War 1.

Causes: Imperialist expansion, Nationalism, Alliances like the triple entene (France, Britian, Russia) and the triple alliance (Hungary, Italy, Germany), and Militarism.

7.3 Governments used a variety of methods to conduct war.

Total war, propaganda, nationalism to mobilize the populations, and new tech like tanks and machine guns.

7.4 How different governments responded to economic crisis.

Govs. intervention in economies like the Soviet unions, 5-year plan under Stalin, and the new deal in US.

7.5 Continuities and changes in territorial holdings.

Europe and Japan maintained colonies but also gained, but sometimes faced anti-imperial resistance, like the Indian national congress against Britian.

7.6 Causes and Consequences of World War II.

Unfairness of treaty of Versailles, Great depression, Imperialist aspirations, rise of fascist and totalism in Italy in Germany.

7.7 Similarities and differences in how governments used a variety of methods to conduct war.

Total war, new tech like the atomic bomb, propaganda, nationalism, and ideologies like fascism and communism to mobilize all of their state’s resources for war.

7.8 Various causes and consequences of mass atrocities.

Holocaust in Germany, under extremist rule of Hitler, and the Armenian Genocide in the Ottoman empire under the rule of the Young Turks.

6.1 ideologies that contributed to the development of Imperialism

Social Darwinism, Civilizing Mission, and Nationalism where used to justify imperialism.

6.2 processes by which state power shifted in various parts of the world.

Britain strengthened their control over colonial India. States like U.S and Japan, gained colonies and influence, while Spain and Portugal lost influence. Many European states increased their colonial holdings and influence in Africa in the Berlin Conference. European powers also set up settler colonies like Britain in New Zealand.

6.3 How and why internal and external factors have influenced the process of state building.

Anti colonials were fueled by questioning political authority and growing nationalism. Anti Imperial resistance using new state building like the Cherokee in the US and with direct resistance like the Yasassantewaa war in South Africa. Discontent with imperial rule led to rebellions that were influenced by religious ideas like the Xhosa cattle movement in south Africa Vs Britian.

6.4 Various environmental factors contributed to the development of the global economy.

The need for raw materials for factories and growing populations led to colonies switching to export economies, like the Cotton production in Egypt or Rubber production in Congo.

6.5 Various economic factors contributed to the development of the global economy.

Industrialized states used economic imperialism in Asia, like the Opium trade in China. Commodities were organized in a way to give Europe and the US an economic advantage, like the Treaty of Nanking in China.

6.6 Various environmental factors contributed to the development of varied patterns of migration.

Migration was influenced by changes in demographics, like the Irish potato famine, steamships and railroads made migration cheaper, many chose to freely relocate in search of work, many were forced to migrate due to coerced labor like, Britian forced some Chinese to Malaysia for hard labor in mining for tin.

6.7 How migration affected society.

Migration caused an unbalance of genders in Africa, because most of the people leaving where men, migrants made ethnic enclaves like the Chinese migrants in southeast Asia, states attempted to limit migration like the US Chinese exclusion act and the Austria white policy.

5.1 intellectual and ideological context in which revolutions swept the Atlantic world.

Enlightenment philosophers applied new ways of understanding the world, like John Locke and the Social contract. Influenced rebellions against existing govs, like the French Revolution. Nationalism became a major force.

5.1 How the enlightenment affected societies over time.

Influenced reform movements political and social reforms. Also, expanded women’s suffrage like, Olympe de gengus in France with her “Declaration of women and Female citizen.”

5.2 Causes and effects of the various revolutions.

Development of Nationalism, a sense of unit between shared customs (cause). Intense period of revolutions against existing governments (effect). Discontent with monarchist encouraged development of new systems of gov, like democracy and liberalism (cause). American revolution inspired the Haitian and French revolution (effect). Enlightenment ideas are shown in the “declaration of independence “(US) and the “declaration of the rights of men and citizen” (France).

5.3 Enviromental factors contributed to industrialization.

Proximity to waterways, distribution of coal, iron and timber, accumulation of capital, urbanization, agricultural productivity, legal protection of priv. property, and access to foreign resources.

5.4 Different modes and locations of production have developed and changed.

The rapid development of steam powered production in Europe and US contributed to the increased in global manufacturing. Industrialized like, U.S and Britian, states prospered while non-industrialized states declined, like the Ottoman and Qing dynasty. Industrialization spread to Russia and Japan.

5.5 Technology shaped economic production.

Developments of machines like, the steam engine and internal combustion engine, made it possible for states to take advantage of coal and oil. The “second industrial revolution” led to new methods of the production of steel and precision machinery. Railroads, steamships, and telegraph made exploration, development, ad communication possible.

5.6 Causes and effects of economic strategies of different states and empires.

States started to industrialize on their own like, Muhammad Alis development of a cotton textile industry in Egypt (effect). Meiji restoration in Japan led to internal reform and advancements.

5.7 Economic systems, ideologies, and institutions and how they contributed to change.

Western European nations began replacing mercantilism to free trade or capitalism. Led to increased standard of living.

5.8 Causes and effects of calls for changed in industrial societies.

Expansion of suffrage due to the social and economic changed brought by industrial capitalism (effect). Labor unions were formed to improve working and living conditions (effect). Discontent with established power structure encouraged development of various ideologies like Karl Marx’s ideas of socialism and communism (cause). Reforms in China (self-strengthening movement) and in Ottoman (Tanzimat reforms) failed due to resistance from conservatives.

5.9 Industrialization caused change in existing social hierarchies and standards of living.

New social classes, like the middle class, developed. Women in the working class had to work while women in middle class did not. Effects of rapid urbanization include, increased pollution, poverty crime, public health crisis, housing shortages and dirty living conditions.

5.10 Industrialization brought change.

Increased standard of living due to capitalism. Manufacturing methods increased affordability. New tech like railroads made communication possible. Revolutions and rebellions against existing govs, like the Haitian Revolution. New political ideas were developed like socialism, Karl Marx. Nationalism increase.

4.1 How did cultural interactions result in diffusion of technology and facilitated change?

The spread of knowledge from Islam to Europe facilitated European technological developments and innovations. Europeans’ tech developments were new ship designs and the understanding of wind and current patterns that made travel possible.

4.2 Role of states in the expansion of maritime exploration.

States supported maritime exploration.

4.2 Economic causes and effects of maritime exploration by the various European states.

Portugues’s developments of maritime technology, like the Portuguese caravel, increased travel and trade with Africa and Asia, which led to the Contruction of the Portuguese global trading-post empire.

4.2 Economic causes and effects of maritime exploration by the various European states.

Spanish sponsorship of Colombus voyages increased European interest in transoceanic travel and trade.

4.3 Causes of the Columbian Exchange and its effects on the Eastern and Western hemispheres.

Exchange of plants, animals, and diseases. European colonization of the Americas led to disease outbreaks which led to a decline in native populations. American foods became staples in European diets.

4.4 Process of state building and expansion among empires.

Portuguese established new trading posts in Africa and Asia, Japan didn’t want foreign influence so isolated themselves. Driven by rivalries European states established new maritime empires. Expansion of maritime trading led to the growth of African states like the Asante and the Kongo.

4.4 Continuities and changes in economic systems and labor systems.

Labor systems: one continuity was the use of the Mit’a system, and one change was that it was race based. Economic: one continuity was that the Indian ocean continued to flourish, and one change was introduction of European influences in the Indian ocean.

4.5 How rulers employed economic strategies to consolidate and maintain power.

Joint stock companies, like the Dutch East India Com., and Mercantilist policies were used in Europe to finance exploration and control the economies. Economic disputes led to rivalries, like Muslim European rivalry in the Indian Ocean.

4.5 Continuities and changes in the networks of exchange.

Atlantic trading system involved movement of slaves, goods, and wealth. New global trade was facilitated by charters European monopoly companies and the flow of silver. Deman for consumer goods increased which increased labor.

4.5 Political, economic, and cultural factors affected societies.

Gender imbalance in Africa due to men mostly leaving, changes in family structures in Africa rise of polygyny. The mixing of African, American, and European.

4.5 Similarities and differences in how various belief systems affected societies.

Religious syncretism between Christianity and native beliefs, like Vodun in African, blend of animist beliefs with Christianity.

4.6 Effects of the development of state power

Led to resistance like the Fronde in France which was a response to the adopted political doctrine of absolutism, and slave resistance in the Americas like the Marron societies.

4.7 Social roles and practices have been maintained or changed.

States like the Ottoman and Mughal were religiously tolerant while other states like Spain and Portugal limited certain groups, like Jews. Contributed to the formation of new political and economic elites like China with the transition to the Qing dynasty and the Americas with the Casta System.

4.8 Economic developments effects on social structures.

The connections of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres transformed trade, like facilitating European technological developments by spreading Islamic knowledge. Labor increased as demand for materials increased.

1.1 Explain the system of government employed by Chinese dynasties.

Song dynasty maintained their rule through ideas of Confucianism and imperial bureaucracy, which they would employ through the civil service exam.

1.1 Effects of Chinese cultural traditions in East Asia.

Filial Piety in Song China, children had to respect their elders. Ideas spread to Japan and Korea, like the civil service exam spread to both, and Confucianism spread to Japan.

1.1 The effects of innovation on the Chinese economy.

Champa Rice, fast growing and increased the population. Taxes. Wood block printing, spread ideas. Japan, Vietnam, and Korea all paid tribute. Japan used Feudalism system.

1.2 How did beliefs effect society?

Islam, Judaism, and Christianity shaped society in Africa and Asia. Islams 5 pillar, certain rules that they needed to follow, Quaran, Sharia Law.

1.2 Causes and Effects of the rise of Islam.

Abbasid Caliphates were taken over by Turks (effect). Islam Expanded through trade, missionaries, and Sufis (cause).

1.2 The effects of Intellectual Innovation in Dar-Al-Islam.

House of Wisdom would translate Greek books to Arabic. Advancements in Medicine. Universities, Hospitals, and Libraries.

1.3 How did Belief systems in South and Southeast Asia effect society.

Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam. Hinduism had the Caste system, no social mobility.

1.3 How and Why states of south and southeast Asia developed and maintained power.

Taxes on trade routes, Indian ocean. Ankhor Watt- Hindu temple converted to Buddhism, exchanged culture.

1.4 How and Why states in the Americas developed and changed.

Incas, agriculturally based economy, Tribute trade, rigid class system, declined due to diseased from afro-Eurasia, patriarchy. Mayas, agriculturally based economy, city-state, patriarchy, declined due to overuse of resources and war.

1.5 How and why states in Africa changed and develop.

Mali, Ghana, Great Zimbabwe, and Ethiopia. Women had a high statue and worked in agriculture.

1.6 How did beliefs and practices of religions in Europe affected society.

In Europe the Pope had the most power, the church was influential to economics and political.

1.6 Causes and consequences of decentralized gov and the effects of it.

Europe’s decentralized monarchy was the cause of the consequence of feudalism and the effect of the manorial system.