Anatomy and Physiology - Chapter 4 - Biology of the Cell( test)

In the cell cycle, division of the cytoplasm is called _ .

cytokinesis

The 'coating of sugar' on the cell's surface is called the _ .

glycocalyx

Match each type of RNA with it's description:

rRNa
tRNA
mRNA

rRNa - structural component of ribosomes
tRNA - match amino acids with codons in translation
mRNA - synthesized in transcription, read in translation.

Which of the following are common cell shapes?

cube-like, spherical, column-like

The steps of exocytosis:

1. Vesicle nears plasma membrane.
2. Fusion of vesicle membrane with plasma membrane.
3. Plasma membrane opens to outside cell.
4. Release of vesicle components to interstitial fluid.

Which statements correctly describe the nuclear envelope?

- It controls the entry of substances into and out of the nucleus.
- It is a double membrane.
- It contains phospholipids
- It is continuous with the ER.

True statements regarding the cell membrane:

- It consists of a phospholipid bilayer.
- It can merge with intracellular membranous vesicles.
- It is a selectively permeable membrane.
- It isolates the cytoplasm from the surrounding environment.

_ are thin, microscopic projections extending from the surface of the plasma membrane. They are smaller than cilia.

Microvilli

Intestinal cells are joined by what type of membrane junction in order to prevent digestive juices from moving between and damaging adjacent cells?

Tight junctions

Which organelles are the 'powerhouses' of the cell because they perform aerobic respiration?

Mitochondria

Chromatin is composed of _ and _ .

proteins; DNA

Match the components of cells with their structure.

- inclusions - droplets of melanin, protein, glycogen granules, or lipid
- centrosome - amorphous region adjacent to nucleus; contains a pair of centrioles
- centrioles - paired perpendicular cylindrical bodies; composed of microtubule triplets
- cytoskeleton - organized network of protein filaments or hollow tubules throughout the cell

Place the steps of transcription in order:

1. DNA is unwound and RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter of the gene.
2. RNA polymerase forms an RNA copy of the gene.
3. The RNA strand is released from the DNA strand.

The cell structure that functions as a 'gatekeeper' to regulate the passage of gases, nutrients, and wastes between the internal and external environments is the _ .

plasma membrane

The _ is the cell's control center.

nucleus

Which are required for translation?

- Amino acids
- Ribosomes
- mRNA
- tRNA

Which of the following is required for osmosis to occur?

A selectively permeable membrane

Which statements characterize organelles?

- Each type of organelle has a specific function.
- They are located within cells.
- They play roles in growth, repair, and cellular maintenance.

Stages of mitosis in the proper sequence:

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

The nuclear envelope is made up of two membranes and has holes in it called _ _ . Similar to the plasma membrane, each layer of the nuclear envelope is made up of a _ bilayer.

nuclear pores; phospholipid

A _ contains a single, long, tightly coiled molecule of DNA and is found in a dividing cell.

chromosome

Forms of passive transport across cell membranes are _ .

facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and diffusion

The synthesis of steroid hormones occurs in the _ .

smooth ER.

_ junctions allow small solutes to travel between adjacent cells.

Gap

This is NOT one of the major passive transport processes.

Receptor mediated endocytosis

Which statements characterize microvilli?

- They are microscopic projections of the plasma membrane.
- They are smaller than cilia.
- They function to increase the surface area of the plasma membrane.

One of the main factors that influences membrane permeability is _ .

plasma membrane structure

The plasma membrane is made up of three types of lipids: _, _, and _ .

glycolipids, phospholipids, cholesterol

The process that occurs on ribosomes by which a mRNA transcript is read and a new protein produced is called _.

translation

Which statements describe chromosomes?

- They are more condensed than chromatin.
- They contain DNA and proteins.

The three components of the cytoplasm of a cell are _, _, and _ .

cytosol, inclusions, organelles

When water moves across a semi-permeable membrane, the pressure it exerts is _ pressure.

osmotic

The 'garbage disposals' for unwanted and/or excess protein in a cell are the _.

proteasomes

_ cells include all of the cells in the body except sex cells.

Somatic

The _ is a general term for all cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.

cytoplasm

True or False:

Osmosis is a passive form of transport across the cell membrane.

True

Match the components of cells with their structure.

- flagella - long, singular membrane extension containing microtubules
- microvilli - numerous thin membrane folds projecting from the free cell surface
- cilia - short, membrane-attached projections containing microtubules, occur in large numbers on exposed membrane surfaces
- centrioles - paired perpendicular cylindrical bodies; composed of microtubule triplets

True or False:

Cilia and flagella are projections that extend from the surface of some cells.

True

The sodium-potassium exchange pump transports _ (number) sodium ions out of the cell for every _ (number) potassium ions it transports into the cell.

3; 2

The organelle in which transcription takes place is the _ .

nucleus

Ion movement through small proteins in the membrane is an example of what type of diffusion?

Channel-mediated

The _ membrane is also called the cell membrane.

plasma

Which type of microscope scans an electron beam over the surface of a specimen?

Scanning electron microscope

Which of the following forms of RNA are required in translation?

- ribosomal
- transfer
- messenger

The study of cells is called:

cytology

Rapid digestion of a cell by its own lysosomes is called _ .

autolysis

One of the main factors that influences membrane permeability is _ .

concentration gradient

Cells similar in structure and function are arranged into structural units called _.

tissues

Which statements correctly characterize cytosol?

- It is also called intraceullar fluid.
- It has a high water content.
- It contains proteins and carbohydrates.
- It contains many dissolved solutes.

The process in which a mRNA copy of a gene is read by ribosomes in the cytoplasm to produce a protein is called _ .

translation

True or False:

Loosely coiled DNA is referred to as a chromosome.

False

_ is the cell division that takes place in somatic cells.

Mitosis.

Which statement(s) describe the G1 phase?

- Cells produce new organelles during this phase.
- Near the end of this phase, centrioles begin to replicate.
- Cells carry out specific metabolic activities during this phase.
- Cells grow during this phase.

The primary structure for the processing and packaging of proteins for transport out of the cell is the _.

Golgi apparatus

_ is the tendency of molecules to move down their concentration gradient.

Diffusion

Most human body cells have _ chromosomes in their nucleus.

46

Which statement(s) characterize telophase?

- It directly follows anaphase.
- It is the last phase of mitosis.
- It overlaps with cytokinesis.

Place the following steps in correct order to describe how materials move through the Golgi apparatus.

1. New proteins in the rough ER are put into a transport vesicle.
2. Transport vesicle fuses with the Golgi apparatus.
3. Proteins are modified as they move through Golgi apparatus.
4. Modified proteins are packaged into secretory vesicles.

True or False:

A transmission electron microscope (TEM) uses an electron beam to create an image for viewing.

True

Which statement(s) characterize metaphase?

- Chromosomes line up along the equatorial plate of the cell.
- It directly follows prophase.

Match the components of cells with their structure.

- inclusions - droplets of melanin, protein, glycogen granules, or lipid
- cytoplasm - contains cytosol, a viscous fluid, and inclusions and organelles
- organelles - membrane-bound and non-membrane-bound structures that have unique functions and activities
- smooth ER - interconnected network of membrane tubules and vesicles; no ribosomes attached

The parts of the subunits of ribosomes are assembled in the _ while the subunits are assembled into ribosomes in the _ .

nucleolus / cytosol

Which are functions of rough ER?

- Storage of proteins to be exported from the cell.
- Transporting enzymes that are to be stored in lysosomes.
- Production of proteins.

Match the components of cells with their structure.

- mitochondria - double membrane structures with cristae
- rough ER - flattened intracellular network of membrane sacs called cisternae; ribosomes attached on cytoplasmic surface
- lysosomes - membrane sacs with digestive enzymes
- golgi apparatus - stacked series of flattened, smooth membrane sacs with associated transport vesicles

Put the steps of translation into the proper order.

1. Ribosomal subunits bind the mRNA and a tRNA.
2. Protein synthesis begins with the amino acid methionine.
3. Anticodons and codons are paired; amino acids are joined.
4. A stop codon is read.
5. Ribosomal subunits separate releasing the protein.

What are the two phases of the cell cycle?

Interphase and the mitotic phase

Which statements are true regarding peripheral proteins?

- They can "float" and move about the phospholipid bilayer.
- They are attached loosely at the cell membrane.
- They may serve as enzymes.

When viewed under a transmission electron microscope, the Golgi apparatus looks like _ .

a stack of pancakes

Select all of the following that are required for transcription.

- ribonucleotides
- DNA
- RNA polymerase

Match the name of each phase of mitosis with its description.

- Telophase - chromosomes arrive at poles
- Prophase - nuclear envelope disappears
- Metaphase - chromosomes line up on the equatorial plate
- Anaphase - centromeres split and chromosomes move toward opposite poles

Which statement(s) characterize the S phase of interphase?

- DNA replicates during this phase.
- It directly follows the G1 phase.

_ are protein-digesting organelles in the nucleus and cytosol of cells.

Proteasomes

Which statements characterize smooth ER?

- It stores lipids.
- It does not have ribosomes attached to it.
- It is continuous with rough ER.

The primary cellular sites for the production of proteins are the _ .

ribosomes

The organelle that has a double membrane, its own small piece of DNA, and synthesizes ATP is the _ .

mitochondrion

In the cell cycle, division of the nucleus is called _ .

mitosis

Lysosomes remove old organelles through a process called _ .

autophagy

What is the synthesis of a new protein from an mRNA transcript called?

Translation

True or False:

The steeper the concentration gradient, the lower the osmotic pressure.

False

True or False:

In transcription a DNA gene is read and copied to produce a newly formed strand of DNA.

False

The process in which a mRNA copy of a gene is read by ribosomes in the cytoplasm to produce a protein in called _ .

translation

Match the tonicity to its definition.

- Isotonic - The cytosol and solution outside the cell have the same concentration of solutes.
- Hypotonic - The solution outside the cell has a lower concentration of solutes than the cytosol.
- Hypertonic - The solution outside the cell has a higher concentration of solutes than the cytosol.

Which statement(s) characterize anaphase?

- Spindle fibers pull sister chromatids apart.
- It directly follows metaphase.

The microscope of choice for a detailed three-dimensional study of the surface of a cell specimen is the:

Scanning electron microscope

Match the membrane-bound organelle with its structure.

- Lysosomes - Membrane sacs with digestive enzymes
- Smooth ER - Interconnected network of membrane tubules and vesicles; no ribosomes attached
- Golgi apparatus - Stacked series of flattened, smooth membrane sacs with associated transport vesicles
- Rough ER - Flattened intracellular network of membrane sacs called cisternae; ribosomes attached on cytoplasmic surface

Which of the following statements are true regarding integral proteins?

- They can act as receptors.
- They can act as membrane channels.
- They are embedded within the phospholipid bilayer.

Metaphase of mitosis is occurring when the chromosomes _ .

line up along the equatorial plate.

Match the components of cells with their function.

- cytoplasm - Place of many metabolic processes of the cell
- nucleus - acts as cell control center
- organelles - carry out specific metabolic activities of the cell
- cytosol - provides support for organelles, serves as medium through which intracellular diffusion occurs.
- nucleolus - synthesizes rRNA and assembles ribosomes in the nucleus

Which statement(s) describe the G2 phase of interphase?

- It is a growth phase.
- Organelle production occurs during this phase.
- It directly follows the S phase of interphase.

Match the event of mitosis with each phase.

- Anaphase - centromeres that hold sister chromatid pairs separate
- Prophase - nucleolus disappears
- Metaphase - microtubules from mitotic spindle attach to centromeres
- Telophase - chromosomes arrive at poles

Which of the following are found in the cell membrane?

- cholesterol
- phospholipids
- transport proteins

Some membrane proteins catalyze (speed up) the rate of metabolic reactions. Those proteins are acting as _ .

enzymes

The process by which a DNA gene is copied into RNA is called _ .

transcription

Match the DNA structures.

- Uncoiled chromatin - genes within the DNA direct the production of cellular proteins
- Chromosomes - becomes visible only when the cell is dividing
- Nucleosome - DNA double helix wound around a cluster of histones
- Chromatin - finely flamented mass of DNA and protein

There are two main types of active transport. These two types are: _ and _ .

ion pumps; bulk transport

The extracellular fluid found outside and between cells is called _ .

interstitial fluid

The cytoskeleton has three separate protein filament components; they are _ filaments, _ filaments, and microtubules.

micro; intermediate

Which of the following statements correctly describe enzymes?

- They are catalysts.
- They are important for metabolic activites of a cell.
- They are proteins.

The two types of organelles found in cells are _ and _ bound.

membrane; non-membrane

Match the non-membrane bound organelles with their function.

- Microfilaments - aid is muscle contraction and intracellular movement
- ribosomes - synthesize proteins
- intermediate filaments - stabilize cell junctions
- cytoskeleton - provides structural support within cells