Marriage and the Family Final

What does research suggest about cohabitation before marriage?

 

Population growth.

Which factor is associated with better health outcomes for married individuals?

 

Better mental and physical health.

How does being married affect addiction rates?

 

Married individuals have lower addiction rates.

How do married individuals compare to single individuals in terms of safety?

 

Married individuals are less likely to become victims of crime.

What is one social benefit of marriage?

 

More social and emotional support.

What percentage of U.S. households were never-married single individuals in 2008?

 

30%.

States have the power to:

 

Legalize marriage.

What is a health benefit of marriage?

 

Lower prevalence of cardiovascular disease.

What is the typical median duration of a marriage for those who divorce?

 

About eight years.

How does marriage influence the management of life stresses?

 

Spouses help buffer and manage stress.

What effect does marriage have on men’s likelihood of committing domestic violence?

 

Husbands are less likely to abuse their wives than boyfriends are.

What is cohabitation?

 

Two partners living together without formal marriage.

What helps prevent marital entropy?

 

Regular care and attention to the relationship.

What is polyandry?

 

A marriage form allowing one wife to have multiple husbands.

What financial advantage do married couples have?

 

Accumulation of more wealth and assets.

What factor is often linked to higher divorce rates for teenage marriages?

 

Psychological changes up until age 25-26.

How does marriage affect long-term family relationships?

 

Marriage provides long-term continuity in family relationships.

What did Robert and Jeanette Lauer identify as the top factors for long-term marital success?

 

Spouses being best friends and liking each other.

How did marriage rights shift historically?

 

From community leaders to state regulation.

Why is cohabitation more common among younger people?

 

Younger individuals see it as a normal or expected part of relationships.

What is a financial advantage of marriage?

 

It is more cost-effective to live in married circumstances than single circumstances.

What does the “We” metaphor compare the relationship to?

 

A vehicle that requires maintenance.

What is the most common family type in the U.S.?

 

Married couples.

Which of the following describes monogamy?

 

A marriage form permitting only one spouse at a time.

How does marriage affect couples’ emotional well-being?

 

Marriage provides more emotional security.

What is the most common and culturally preferred marriage type worldwide?

 

Monogamy.

How does marriage affect retirement planning?

 

Married individuals tend to plan for retirement more than others.

What is a serial cohabiter?

 

Someone who has multiple cohabiting relationships over time.

Which group tends to have longer cohabitation periods?

 

Less educated cohabiters.

What does Norval Glenn suggest about some people’s view of marriage?

 

They see it as temporary, always looking for someone better.

At what age do children start exhibiting individuation?

 

Adolescence

How should parents ideally address their own unmet childhood needs when raising children?

 

By focusing on nurturing their own children

What do parents primarily provide during the early years of socialization?

 

Norms, expectations, and values

Which stage of childhood has low independence but an increasing ability to assist others?

 

Ages 6-12

Which aspect of self-worth should parents avoid reinforcing?

 

Feelings of worthlessness or shame

Which parenting style involves removing risk of failure?

 

Rescue parenting

Which of the following is NOT a function of parents according to the chapter?

 

Being purely financial providers

In which age group is emotional volatility most common?

 

Ages 13-18

The social construction of reality helps a child understand what aspect of life?

 

Their role and responsibilities within a community

Which age group typically achieves “functional independence”?

 

Ages 6-12

What does self-worth in a child signify?

 

A balanced acceptance of strengths and weaknesses

Which parenting role involves making decisions on behalf of children?

 

Guardianship

When does primary socialization typically begin?

 

At birth

Why do many parents struggle with balancing support and control?

 

Finding the right level of independence and guidance can be challenging

What key function do parents serve in addition to caregiving?

 

Teaching life skills

Which model focuses on using rewards and punishments to shape behavior?

 

Behaviorism

What does the behaviorism approach to parenting emphasize?

 

Rewards and punishments

What is individuation?

 

Process of establishing a separate identity

What is one common problem with enmeshed relationships?

 

Lack of independent identity for the child

What is considered the lifelong role of parents?

 

Nurturing and supporting children.

How do mentoring parents typically manage guidelines?

 

They negotiate and collaborate with their children

Which of the following best describes the role of parents as advocates?

 

Defending their children in community settings

What should parents avoid when instilling self-worth in children?

 

Using shame

What is a common negative result of shaming children?

 

Low self-worth and addiction tendencies

What is one benefit of the behaviorism approach for young children?

 

They quickly learn cause and effect

When do children benefit most from cognitive reasoning in parenting?

 

After age seven

Why is avoiding shame important for healthy self-worth?

 

Shame can lead to long-term negative self-image

What does it mean for a young adult to be a “co-adult”?

 

They are independent yet seek parental guidance

What does socialization primarily involve?

 

Teaching norms, values, and behaviors of a society.

Parents who allow children to make small decisions are promoting:

 

Independence and individuation

How does Tannen believe cross-cultural understanding could help relationships?

 

By reducing misunderstandings between genders

What does the Gottman Method aim to cultivate between partners?

 

Mutual trust and connection

How does “high involvement” speaking differ from “high considerateness”?

 

High involvement includes more enthusiastic support

What effect does turning toward bids have on the emotional bank account?

 

It builds trust and connection

What is Tannen’s suggested approach to gender differences in communication?

 

View them as cross-cultural

What is a characteristic of “report-talk” in male conversations?

 

Focusing on maintaining status

What does “turning against” a bid involve?

 

Rejecting or responding negatively to the bid

What is the primary focus of the Gottman Method in couples therapy?

 

Understanding and responding to bids for connection

How did couples who stayed married respond to bids according to Gottman’s study?

 

By turning toward each other 86% of the time

What can be a simple way to respond to a partner’s bid for connection?

 

Showing curiosity about their feelings

What is an example of “report-talk” as described by Tannen?

 

Men negotiating status in conversation

How does the Gottman Method suggest creating a bid-friendly environment?

 

By staying attuned to each other’s needs

What does Tannen suggest is the impact of cultural differences on gender communication?

 

It creates cross-cultural communication challenges

What might “uncooperative overlap” signify in a conversation?

 

A lack of interest or support

What does Tannen suggest is the primary role of “report-talk”?

 

Information sharing and maintaining status

What is “rapport-talk” according to Tannen?

 

Conversation aimed at creating intimacy

What is one example of a “bid” in a relationship?

 

Asking for advice

In the context of the Gottman Method, what are “bids”?

 

Attempts to connect with a partner

What role does “active listening” play in the Gottman Method? 

 

It helps couples fully engage with each other’s bids

What does Tannen say is often misinterpreted as aggression by women?

 

Men’s ritual challenges in conversation

What is a practical tip for incorporating the Gottman Method?

 

Be mindful of small moments of connection

Which action demonstrates “deepening emotional attunement”?

 

Actively tuning into the partner’s bids

According to Tannen, what does cooperative overlapping often express?

 

Enthusiastic support

Which action exemplifies turning toward a bid?

 

Responding with empathy and curiosity

What cultural factor does Tannen suggest impacts American communication styles?

 

Gender-specific language socialization

Why do women often use “rapport-talk” according to Tannen?

 

To create closeness and understanding

What is Tannen’s view on interruptions in conversation?

 

They can demonstrate dominance or lack of interest

What might a “bid” look like in a relationship?

 

Sharing a funny story

In the Gottman Method, what is a benefit of building rituals of connection?

 

Strengthening the relationship bond

How does the Gottman Method encourage emotional attunement? 

 

By responding positively to bids

When did the Baby Boom cohort begin?

 

1946

According to the text, what is Social Exchange Theory’s formula?

 

Rewards - Costs = Outcomes

Who traditionally granted marriage rights in early Western societies?

 

Tribal or clan leaders

What is a major factor in declining U.S. divorce rates since the 1990s- sometimes it’s best to wait?

 

Delayed marriage until the late 20s

What is the legal definition of marriage in the United States?

 

The legal union of a man and a woman

What is Social Exchange Theory’s formula?

 

Rewards - Costs = Outcomes

What percentage of first marriages make it to their 10th wedding anniversary?

 

75%

What is a cohort in demographic studies?

 

A group sharing a common characteristic, like birth year

What is the key to combating marital entropy?

 

Proactive maintenance and upgrades

Which country was the first to legalize same-sex marriage?

 

Netherlands