20th Century Wars historians (paper 2 ib history)

Ivan Herbek

(economic Algerian war causes) oil and natural gas found in Algerian Sahara influenced France to keep control of Algeria in order to have an independent oil supply.

POET Kateb Yacine

(ideological Algerian causes) Yacine witnesses “atrocious sights” at Setif including death of countless Muslims led him to permanently define his nationalism.

Martin Meredith

(political causes Algeria) Pied Noir political influence in Algeria crushed any hopes for reform efforts and the french government was too occupied with the war in Indo-China.

Benjamin Stora

(territorial algerian causes) The French desired to remain strict control of Algeria to utilize it Sahara desert territory for nuclear experiments

(successes and failures of peacemaking algeria (effects)) The FLN found it difficult to hold back an exasperated muslim population who wanted to strike back.

(effects (territorial) algeria)Ben Bella’s government did not favor Algerian emigration to France but saw it as an important ‘safety valve’ to ease the pressure in the labor market. This source is about territorial changes regarding the emigration of Algerians to France. 

7 and a half years marked by war resulted in the displacement of the population, the mass exodus of Europeans leaving Algeria and freed prisoners or soldiers returning back to Algeria marking a territorial change.

Allistair Horne

(algeria short term causes) called the shots fired at Setif “the first volley of the Algerian War” suggesting it was the event that started the actually as all the pent up resentment on both sides was released

(effects algeria (successes and failures of peacemaking)) Questions if the Pied Noirs could’ve lived in Algeria still even if the OAS had not launched its campaign of violence which further divided the two communitied. For context, there was a revolt against the Pied Noirs 

(effects algeria (stats of women)) Emancipation of women lagged behind the promises of the war years, when women operatives in the FLN had a greater equality than they had in post-war Algeria.

Roland Oliver and Anthony Atmore

(algeria other causes) Oliver and Atmore stated that French colonists were unique to other colonists because there close accessibility to France allowed them to have substantial influence over French politics despite being outnumbered

Guy Arnold

(practices of war (algeria types of war)) The french’s extensive use of torture; believed by breaking the algerian muslims’ spirits, they would give in and leak information about the FLN. The brutal tactics helped and the number of FLN attacks dropped significantly

Gerald Brenan

(spanish civil war: economic causes—causes) Brenan believes the cause of the Spanish Civil War to be mainly due to “long-term social-economic division.” He mainly attributes the cause to the conflict between landowners and landless laborers in rural parts of Spain. 

Muriam Haleh Davis

(algeria: mobilization of economic resources— practices of war) The constantine plan presented a new economic way for the algerians and french to coexist without one group having more money than the other group. However, Algerians rejected this plan

J.F.V. Keiger

(algerians influence of foreign powers—practices of war) Mentions how Yahia Zoubir was able to bring worldwide attention to the war caused international disappointment in France The propaganda created by the FLN helped condemn France for its brutality. The rights of Algerians and their self-determination was debated

Raymond Carr

(spanish civil war: economic causes—causes) Carr states that the elite class “refused to accept socio-economic reforms” that would’ve significantly benefited Spain's modernization. 

Frances Lannon

(spanish civil:ideological causes—causes) Lannon states that the Spanish Civil War was a clash between competing Spanish identities. On one side, there were Nationalists (rebels) fighting to defend “property, religion, and tradition.” On the other side, there were Republicans who believed in and advocated for “social reform, devolution, and secularization.”

(Lannon expressed that the establishment of the 2nd Republic (April 1931) offered hope for a “democratic, civilian, secular order” for some. Still, for others, it represented the “abandonment of tradition, and a threat to stability, property, and national unity.”