Anth 176 - Midterm Review (Intro, Skeleton, Medicolegal Significance, Search and Recovery, and Postmortem Interval)

Anatomical Position (5 Things)

Standing Erect, Facing Observer

Legs Together

Feet Flat and Forward

Head Level and Facing Forward

Hands at Side with Palms Facing Forward

Supine/Prone

Lying face up/facedown

Superior/Inferior

Above/below

Anterior/Posterior

Front/Back

Medial/Lateral

Toward/Away from Middle

Proximal/Distal

Towards/away from trunk

Ventral/Dorsal

Toward Stomach/Back

Cranial/Caudal

Toward head/tail

Superficial/Deep

toward/away from surface

Anatomical Planes (4)

Sagittal (Left and Right)

Coronal (Anterior and Posterior)

Transverse (Superior and Inferior)

Oblique (Not perpendicular/ off-angled)

Components of Skeletal System

Bones

Cartilage

Ligaments

Teeth

Cranial

head

Postcranial

everything other than the head

Axial

Head and trunk

Appendicular

Limbs

Functions of the Skeleton (5)

• Protection of internal organs
• Support structure
• Provide leverage for muscles
• Mineral storage
• Hematopoiesis

Composition of Bone: Organic

o Cells (osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts)
o Collagen fibers
o Ground substance

Composition of Bone: Inorganic

Hydroxyapatite

Bone Structure (5)

Diaphysis (shaft)

Epiphysis

Periosteum

Endosteum

Articular cartilage

Classes of Bones (4)

Long

Short

Flat

Irregular

Neurocranium

8 bones of Brain Case

Splanchnocranium

14 Bones of the face

Sutures (5)

• Sagittal
• Coronal
• Lambdoidal
• Squamosal
• Metopic

Bone and 4 features

Frontal
• Supraorbital margin
• Supraorbital tori
• Glabella
• Frontal sinus

Bone and 3 features

Parietal(s)
• Bregma
• Parietal eminence (boss)
• Meningeal vessel impressions (for siding)

Bone and 7 features

Temporal(s)
• Squamous portion
• Zygomatic process
• External auditory meatus
• Mandibular (glenoid) fossa
• Petrous portion

Styloid Process
• Mastoid process

Ear Ossicles

• Malleus
• Incus
• Stapes

Bone and 5 features

Occipital
• Foramen magnum
• Occipital condyles
• External occipital protuberance
• Nuchal lines
• Sutural (=Wormian) bones

Bone and 8 Features

Sphenoid
• Sella Turcica
• Greater wing
• Lesser wing
• Superior orbital fissure
• Optic canal
• Foramen rotundum
• Foramen ovale

Sphenoid Sinus

Bone and 4 features

Ethmoid
• Crista gali
• Perpendicular plate
• Superior nasal conchae
• Middle nasal conchae

Bone and 4 features

Zygomatic(s)
• Lateral orbital margin
• Temporal process
• Frontal process
• Maxillary process

Bone and 5 features

Maxilla(e)
• Alveolar process
• Palatine process
• Anterior nasal spine
• Nasal sill/Subnasal groove
• Maxillary sinus

Bone

Nasal(s)

Bone

Lacrimal(s)

Bone

Inferior Nasal Concha(e)

Bone

Vomer

Bone

Palatine(s)

Bone and 6 features

Mandible
• Ramus (=ascending ramus)
• Corpus (=descending ramus)
• Mandibular condyle
• Gonial angle
• Alveolar process
• Mental eminence

Bone

Hyoid

Dental Anatomy (4 parts)

• Crown
• Cervix (neck)
• Root
• Cusp

Mesial/Distal

Toward Apex of Arcade/Toward Limits of Arcade

Lingual

Towards tongue

Buccal

Towards Cheek

Labial

Towards Lip

Deciduous vs. Permanent

Permanent - 8, 4, 8, 12 (32 total)

Deciduous - 8, 4, 8 (20 total - Missing all 8 Premolars and 4 Molars)

Occlusal/Apical

Towards Crown/Root

Dental Tissues (4)

• Enamel

• Dentine

• Pulp

• Cementum

Classes of Teeth (4)

• Incisors
• Canines
• Premolars
• Molars

Vertebrae (classification and count)

• Cervical (7)
• Thoracic (12)
• Lumbar (5)
• Sacral (5)
• Coccygeal (4-5)

Vertebral features (9)

• Body (=centrum)
• Arch
• Vertebral foramen
• Transverse process
• Spinous process
• Transverse foramina (cervical only)
• Costal facets (thoracic only)
• Superior articular facets
• Inferior articular facets

C1 (Bone and Feature)

Atlas: Dens Facet

C2 (Bone and Feature)

Axis: Dens

Bone and 3 features

• Base

• Apex

• Auricular Surface

Bone

Coccyx

Bone, Number of them per individual, and 4 features

Ribs (24)
• Head
• Tubercle
• Sternal end
• Costal Groove

Bone and 5 features

Sternum
• Manubrium
• Clavicular notches
• Body
• Costal notches
• Xiphoid process

4 Periods of Forensic Anthropology

1. Formative Period (1800-1940)

   • Ends with the Publication of Guide to Identification of Human Skeletal Materials

2. Consolidation Period (1940-1970)

3. Professional Period (1970-1990)

   • 1978 - Creation of the ABFA (only 168 ever certified and 110 active)

4. Modern Period (1990-Present)

   • SWGANTH founded in 2008 by FBI and DOD

Bone and 3 features

Clavicle
• Sternal extremity
• Acromial Extremity
• Conoid tubercle

Bone and 4 features

Scapula
• Spine
• Acromion process
• Coracoid process
• Glenoid fossa

Bone and 8 features

Humerus
• Head
• Greater tubercle

Lesser Tubercle
• Olecranon fossa
• Trochlea
• Capitulum
• Medial epicondyle

Lateral Epicondyle

Bone and 6 features

Ulna
• Olecranon process
• Trochlear notch
• Coronoid process
• Interosseous crest
• Radial notch

Styloid Process

Bone and 5 features

Radius
• Head
• Radial (bicipital) tuberosity
• Interosseous crest
• Dorsal Tubercle
• Ulnar notch

Hand - Bones and number

Carpals (8)

Metacarpals (5)

Philanges (14)

Carpals - Phrase and names

Some Lovers Try Position That They Can’t Handle

• Proximal row (thumb-side to pinky-side)
o Scaphoid
o Lunate
o Triquetral
o Pisiform
• Distal row (thumb-side to pinky-side)
o Trapezium
o Trapezoid
o Capitate
o Hamate

Bone and 8 features

Os Coxae (Innominates)
• Ilium/Ischium/Pubis
• Acetabulum
• Greater sciatic notch
• Auricular surface
• Iliac crest
• Pubic symphysis
• Preauricular sulcus

Obterator Foramen

Bone and 10 features

Femur

• Head

• Neck

• Greater Trochanter

• Lesser Trochanter

• Linea Aspera

• Medial condyle

• Lateral condyle

• Gluteal tuberosity

• Intercondylar notch

• Patellar Surface

Bone and 4 features

Patella
• Base
• Apex
• Medial articular facet
• Lateral articular facet (BIGGER)

Bone and 8 features

Tibia

• Medial condyle

• Lateral condyle

• Tibial tuberosity

• Anterior crest

• Medial malleolus

• Fibular Notch

• Inferior Articular Surface

• Interoceus Crest

Bone and 3 features

Fibula

• Head

• Interosseous Crest

• Lateral Malleolus

Foot Bones - Names and Number

Tarsals (7)

Metatarsals (5)

Philanges (14)

Tarsals - Phrase and Names

Tiger Cubs Need MILC

o Calcaneus
o Talus
o Navicular
o Cuboid
o Lateral Cuneiform
o Intermediate Cuneiform
o Medial Cuneiform

Human Vs. Non-Human (2 Major Factors)

1. Size/Maturity

2. Architecture

Contemporary (Age to be relevant)

50 years or less

Contemporary Vs. Non-Contemporary (4 factors)

• State of Preservation

• Body Modifications

• Personal Belongings

• Conditions of Internment

3 Questions to Determine Medicolegal Significance

• Is it bone?

• Is it Human?

• Is it less than 50 years old?

Search and Recovery Tasks (4)

• Location

• Mapping

• Excavation

• Collection

Two phases of location

1. Locate the Scene

2. Search the Scene

2 Features of Precision Mapping

1. Datum

2. Grid Square

Excavation Process

Work Horizontally

Why dig up to 4 inches under the body at a site?

May be traces of Organic Stain

3 “-mortem” terms and definitions

• Antemortem - Before Death

• Perimortem - During Death

• Postmortem - After Death

5 Stages of Death

1. Pallor Mortis

2. Algor Mortis

3. Rigor Mortis

4. Livor Mortis

5. Decomposition/Skeletonization

Pallor Mortis

Paleness (up to about 25 minutes after death)

Algor Mortis

Cooling

Rigor Mortis

Stiffening (takes about 10-12 hours)

Livor Mortis

Discoloration (Blanches) (Becomes Fixed 8-12 hours after death)

Decomposition

Decay

3 Characteristics of Decomposition

• Bloat

• Marbling

• Skin Slippage

How to determine Postmortem Interval after decomposition sets in

Entomology

3 possible end stages for decomposition

• Adipocere

• Mummification

• Skeletonization