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lymphocytes
the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system:
B Lymphocytes: Release antibodies that fight bacterial infections
T Lymphocytes: attache cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances
Fight or flight response
an emergency response, including activity f the sympathetic nervous system that mobilizes energy and activy for attacking or escpaing a threat
General adaptation syndrome (GAS)
Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three stages-alarm, resistance, exhaustion
Three types of stressors:
catastrophe, significant life changes, daily hassles
Tend and befriend response
under stress, people (especially women) often provide support (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)
Psychoneuroimmunology
the study of how psychological, neural and endocrine processes combine to affect our immune system and health
Coronary Heart Disease
The clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in the US and many other countries
Type A
competitive, hard working, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger prone people
Type B
Easy going, relaxed people
Coping
reducing stress using emotional, cognitive or behavioral methods
Emotion focused coping
attempting to reduce stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to our own stress reaction
Stress
The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.
Catastrophe
unpredictable large scale events such as earthquakes, floods, wildfires and storms.
Daily Hassles
spotty cell phone connections, irritating housemates, lines lines at the store
Significant Life Events
leaving homes, becoming divorced, having a loved one die
Personal Control
our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless
Learned Helplessness
the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or person learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
External locus of control
the perception that chance our outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate
Internal locus of control
The perception that we control our own fate
Optimism
anticipation of positive outcomes. Optimists are people who expect the best and expect their efforts to lead to good things.
Pessimism
anticipation of negative outcomes. Pessimists are people who expect the worst and doubt that their goals will be achieved.
Aerobic Exercise
Sustained activity that increases heart and lung fitness, may also reduce depression and anxiety
Faith factor
Religiously active people tend to live longer than those who are not religiously active
Mindfulness meditation
attending to current experience in a nonjudgmental accepting manner
Three factors that help explain why religiously active people might be healthier and live longer
Healthy lifestyles, social support and positive emotions
Resilience
the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma
Feel good do good phenomenon
our tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood
Subjective well being
self perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well being to judge our quality of life.
Adaptation level phenomenon
our tendency to form judgments relative to a neural level defined by our past experiences
Relative deprivation
the perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves
How does our appraisal of an event affect our stress reaction, and what are the three main types of stressors?
If we appraise an event as challenging, we will be aroused and focused in preparation for success. If we appraise an event as a threat, we will experience a stress reaction, and our health may suffer.
How does the body respond to stress?
People may react to stress by withdrawing, turning to alcohol, or becoming aggressive.
How does stress influence our immune system?
Stress takes energy away from the immune system, inhibiting the activities and if B and T lymphocytes, macrophages, and natural killer (NK) cells. This leaves us more vulnerable to illness and disease
Hoe does stress increase coronary heart disease risk?
The fight or flight stress reaction may divert blood from the liver to the muscles, leaving excess cholesterol circulating the bloodstream. Stress can also trigger altered heart rhythms.
What are 2 basic ways that people cope with stress?
We use direct, problem focused coping strategies when we feel a sense of control over a situation and these are usually most effective
When lacking the sense of control, we may need to use emotion focused coping strategies to protect our long term well being. These strategies can be harmful if misused
How does our sense of control influence stress and health?
Feelings of loss of personal control can trigger physical symptoms, such as increased stress hormones and rising blood pressure. A series of uncontrollable events can lead to learn helplessness.
Those who develop and maintain self control achieve more academic and social success and are healthier.
How well does aerobic exercise help manage stress and improve well being?
Exercise increases arousal and triggers serotonin activity.
In what ways might relaxation and meditation influence stress and health?
By relaxing muscles, lowering blood pressure, improving immune functioning, and lessening anxiety and depression
What are the causes and consequences of happiness?
A good mood brightens people's perceptions of the world. Happy people tend to be healthy, energized, and satisfied with life. Even significant good or bad events dont usually change our subjective weill being for long.
Selye's general adaptation system (GAS) consists or an alarm reaction followed by (blank), then (blank)
Resistance, exhaustion
When faced with stress, women are more likely than men to experience the (blank) and (blank) response
Tend and Befriend
The number of short term illnesses and stress related psychological disorders was higher than usual in months following an earthquake. Such findings suggest that:
Experiencing a very stressful event increases a person's vulnerability to illness
Stress hormones released in response to a signal from the brain suppresses (blank), the immune cells that ordinarily attack bacteria, viruses, cancer cells, and other foreign substances
Lymphocytes
Research has shown that people are at increased risk from cancer a year or so after experiencing depression, helplessness, or bereavement. In describing this link, researchers are quick to point out that:
Stress does not create cancer cells, but it weakens the body's natural defense against them
A Chinese proverb warns, "the fire you kindle for your enemy often burns you more than him". How is this true of Type A individuals?
Type A individuals frequently experience negative emotions, during which the sympathetic nervous system diverts blood away from the livers. Type A individuals harm themselves more by directing anger at others
The components of the Type A personality that have been linked most closely to coronary heart disease are anger and other (blank) feelings
Negative
When faced with situations over which you feel you have no control, it is most effective to use (emotion/problem) focused coping
Emotion
Research has showed that a dog will respond with learned helplessness if it has received repeated shocks and has had:
No control over the shocks
When elderly patients take an active part in managing their own care and surroundings, their morale and health tend to improve. Such findings indicate that people do better when they experience an (internal/external) locus of control
Internal
People have close relationships are less likely to die prematurely than those who dont, supporting this idea that:
Social support has a beneficial effect on health
Because it triggers the release of mood boosting neurotransmitters such as serotonin, (blank) exercise raises energy levels and helps alleviate depression and anxiety
Aerobic
Research on the faith factor has found that:
Religiously active people tend to outlive those who are not religiously active
One of the most consistent findings of psychological research is that happy people are also:
More likely to help others
After moving to a new apartment, you find that the street noise irritatingly loud, but after a while, it no longer bothers you. This reaction illustrates the
Adaptation level phenomenon
A philosopher observed that we cannot escape envy, because there will always be someone more successful, more accomplished, or richer with whom to compare ourselves. In psychology, this observation is embodied in the (blank) principle
Relative deprivation
