Biology 101: Intro to Biology Ch 3. Introduction to Organic Molecules & Heterotrophs

Organic Chemistry

the study of molecules from living things and formerly living things; the study of molecules that contain carbon

Organic molecules can contain:

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, & Sulfer

Functional Groups

Atoms or groups of atoms that have a predictable reactivity

Hydroxyl Group

consists of an oxygen atom single-bonded to hydrogen and to a carbon group

Amine Group

a nitrogen atom that is single-bonded to three different groups that contain either hydrogen or carbon

Ether Group

oxygen molecules that are single-bonded to two different carbon groups

Carbonyl Groups

a carbon that is double-bonded to oxygen

Carbonyl Acids

carbonyls that are bonded to hydroxyl groups

Ester Group

consists of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom that is single-bonded to an oxygen atom that is attached to a carbon atom

_____ hold fats together in biological systems and bond fatty acids to glycerol.

1. Esters

2. Amines

3. Ethers

4. Carbonyls

5. Hydroxyls

Esters

Which of the following is true about organic molecules?

1. None of the above

2. They can only be found in living organisms

3. They must contain carbon

4. They always have chains of carbon atoms

5. They contain only carbon

They must contain carbon

What is the shorthand for a carbon-containing substance in organic chemistry?

1. P

2. C

3. Ca

4. O

5. R

R

The _____ has an oxygen atom single-bonded to hydrogen and single-bonded to a carbon-containing group.

1. ether

2. hydroxyl

3. ester

4. amine

5. carbonyl

hydroxyl

Which of the following functional groups contains nitrogen?

1. Carboxylic Acid

2. Amine

3. Disulfide

4. Alcohol

5. Hydroxyl

Amine

Polymer

A long chain molecule formed by bonding together monomer units; can be made of the same monomer units; can be made out of different monomers

Monomer

the simplest unit from which a polymer can be formed

ethylene

is a gas that is polymerized to make milk jugs; reacts to form the polymer known as polyethylene

Dimer

polymer consisting of 2 monomer units

Trimer

polymer consisting of 3 monomer units

Nylon

is a combination of hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid

Kevlar

is a copolymer that is made of different types of monomers

Cellulose

is a natural polymer that’s made up of repeating glucose monomers; a polymer that’s made of glucose

Proteins

are natural polymers; a polymer that’s made of amino acids

A single sugar is called a 'monosaccharide.'

'_____saccharide' refers to a three-sugar polymer.

1. Tri

2. Di

3. Penta

4. Hexa

Tri

A long chain molecule formed by many smaller units is called a

1. monomer

2. trimer

3. dimer

4. polymer

polymer

What holds high-density polyethylene together?

1. Addition of other atoms to the plastic

2. Carbon-carbon double bonds

3. Intermolecular forces between polymer chains

4. Branching of carbon chains

Intermolecular forces between polymer chains

Cellulose & proteins are types of

1. monomers

2. man-made polymers

3. dimers

4. natural polymers

natural polymers

A two-unit molecule is a

1. dimer

2. none of these answers

3. trimer

4. monomer

dimer

Carbohydrates (a.k.a sugars)

comes from the atom carbon and hydrate, or water

Polysaccharide

big sugar; sugar molecules consisting of more than three sugar units

Glucose

the sugar that serves as fuel for our bodies

Fructose

the sugar found in high-fructose corn syrup

Ribose

plays an important role in holding together our genetic material

Deoxyribose

similar to ribose except that it lacks an oxygen or hydroxyl group on one of its carbons; this is also an important sugar that helps hold our genetic material together

Monosaccharide

single sugar molecule

Disaccharide

sugar molecule containing two monosaccharides

Dehydration

The loss of a water molecule

Trisaccharides

sugar molecules containing three monosaccharides

Which set of functional groups is always found in sugars?

1. Amines and alcohols.

2. Ethers and amines.

3. Ethers and carboxylic acids.

4. Hydroxyl groups

Hydroxyl groups

Carlos just finished an exhausting workout. Which of the following carbohydrates can be readily used by his body as a source of fuel?

1. Any kind of polysaccharide.

2. Dietary fiber

3. Glucose

4. Cellulose

Glucose

What type of reaction causes the formation of sugar molecules larger than monosaccharides?

1. Decarboxylation

2. Dehydration

3. Deamination

4. Hydration

Dehydration

All of the following statements are true, EXCEPT _____.

1. mammals store carbohydrates in the form of glycogen

2. pasta and cereals are good sources of carbohydrates

3. starch is composed of amylopectin and amylose

4. sugars are found only in plants

sugars are found only in plants

Lactose is composed of a glucose molecule and a galactose molecule, therefore, lactose is classified as a _____.

1. monosaccharide

2. disaccharide

3. trisaccharide

4. polysaccharide

disaccharide

amino acids

the building blocks of proteins

• a central carbon atom

• a hydrogen atom

• an amino group

• a carboxyl group

• an R-group or side chain

essential amino acids

amino acids that our body cannot make on its own

• L-methionine (Met, M)

• L-threonine (Thr, T)

• L-valine (Val, V)

• L-leucine (Leu, L)

• L-isoleucine (Ile, I)

• L-arginine (Arg, R)

• L-histidine (His, H)

• L-phenylalanine (Phe, F)

• L-tyrosine (Tyr, Y)

• L-lysine (Lys, K)

nonessential amino acids

amino acids that our bodies can synthesize

• glycine (Gly, G)

• L-alanine (Ala, A)

• L-glutamic acid (Glu, E)

• L-glutamine (Gln, Q)

• L-proline (Pro, P)

• L-serine (Ser, S)

• L-asparagine (Asn, N)

• L-cysteine (Cys, C)

• L-tyrosine (Tyr, Y)

• L-aspartic acid (Asp, D)

Amino acids are the building blocks of which of the following?

1. Amino groups

2. None of the answers are correct.

3. Nucleic acids

4. Proteins

5. DNA

Proteins

Which of the following is true about essential amino acids?

1. They typically include serine.

2. None of the answers are correct.

3. They must be obtained through foods.

4. All of the answers are correct.

5. They can be synthesized by your body.

They must be obtained through foods.

An amino group consists of

1. A carbon and two nitrogen atoms

2. A nitrogen and one carbon atom

3. A carbon and two hydrogen atoms

4. An oxygen and two hydrogen atoms

5. A nitrogen and two hydrogen atoms

A nitrogen and two hydrogen atoms

All amino acids contain which of the following?

1. An amino group

2. An R group

3. A central carbon

4. A carboxyl group

5. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

The group that is unique in each of the 20 amino acids is

1. All of the answers are correct.

2. Carboxyl group

3. Amino group

4. R-group

5. None of the answers are correct.

R-group

Lipids

biological molecules that are insoluble in water, but are soluble in nonpolar solvents

Unsaturated and Saturated Fats

found in nature

Trans Fats

synthetic

Saturated Fats

triglycerides that have no double bonds in their carboxylic acid chains

Unsaturated Fats

triglycerides that have double bonds in their carboxylic acid chains

Trans Fats

triglycerides that have trans double bonds in their carboxylic acid chains

Steroids

contain a particular system of carbon rings

Lawrence wants to eat food that is high in energy before he starts training for his tennis competition. Which of the following types of food will give him the most energy per pound?

1. Protein

2. Carbohydrates

3. Fat

4. Sugar

Fat

Why does soap remove grease from pans when we wash dishes?

1. Part of the soap molecule is polar and dissolves in water, while part is non-polar and dissolves in the lipids.

2. Soap molecules react with fats to break up fat blobs.

3. Soap sends a chemical message to fats to break up fat blobs in the pan.

4. The whole soap molecule is non-polar, so it breaks apart fat blobs.

Part of the soap molecule is polar and dissolves in water, while part is non-polar and dissolves in the lipids.

What is the functional group that is formed when glycerol reacts with carboxylic acids to form triglycerides?

1. Carboxylic acid

2. Ether

3. Ester

4. Carbohydrate

Ester

Which of the following roles do lipids NOT play in our bodies?

1. Make up part of our cell membranes

2. Generate heat

3. Act as hormones

4. Store energy

Generate heat

All of the following statements are true about lipids, EXCEPT that _____.

1. steroid hormones like testosterone are lipids

2. all lipids are fats

3. lipids are good at storing energy

4. lipids are biological molecules that are insoluble in water

all lipids are fats

Peptide Bond

the covalent bond that holds amino acids together

Keratin

found in hair, skin, and nails; is hydrophobic

Collagen

• main component of connective tissue

• important for structure of body

Enzymes

Proteins that enable chemical reactions in our bodies; decrease activation barrier

Lactaid

The enzyme lactase splits apart lactose sugars

Hemoglobin

A protein that carries oxygen from lungs to tissues throughout the body

Lipoprotein

A protein that can transport multiple fat molecules throughout blood

insulin

A protein that is able to lower blood sugar

Human Growth Hormone

A protein that sends a message of growth to cells

Protein Functions

• store energy

• provide structure

• act as enzymes

• allow for movement

• transport things

• act as messengers

• protect from invaders

• regulate genes/proteins

Which of the following is a function performed by proteins?

1. Transportation

2. Regulation

3. Muscle contraction

4. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Proteins are biological molecules made of _____.

1. nucleotides

2. sugars

3. amino acids

4. glycerol

amino acids

When a protein makes it easier for a biological reaction to happen, it is acting as _____.

1. a structural protein

2. a messenger

3. an enzyme

4. a transporter

an enzyme

Proteins in our skin, hair, and nails are called what?

1. Storage proteins

2. Regulatory proteins

3. Structural proteins

4. Transport proteins

Structural proteins

What atoms are connected by a peptide bond?

1. Carbonyl carbon and amino group nitrogen

2. Amine nitrogen and another amine nitrogen

3. Carbonyl carbon and carbonyl oxygen

4. Side chain groups

Carbonyl carbon and amino group nitrogen

Heterotroph

need to eat other organisms to get energy

Autotrophs

able to survive by making their own food

Detritivores

break down dead and decaying organisms

Herbivores

eat only producers

Carnivores

eat only other consumers

Omnivores

eat both producers and consumers

Which of the following are heterotrophs?

1. All of the answers are correct.

2. Fungi

3. Bacteria

4. Carnivorous and parasitic plants

All of the answers are correct.

What is a detritivore?

1. An organism that consumes living producers.

2. An organism that consumes dead and decaying material.

3. An organism that consumes both living producers and consumers.

4. An organism that consumes other living consumers.

An organism that consumes dead and decaying material.

What are autotrophs?

1. Organisms that produce their own food.

2. All other organisms besides plants and some algae.

3. All other organisms besides humans and some animals.

4. Organisms that consume other organisms.

Organisms that produce their own food.

What is another name for a heterotroph?

1. Autotrophs

2. A producer

3. A self-feeder

4. An 'other feeder'

An 'other feeder'

Which of the following is true about heterotrophs?

1. They all rely on only one type of food source.

2. They may be carnivores, herbivores, or omnivores.

3. They all eat both consumers and producers.

4. They all rely on the same types of food sources.

They may be carnivores, herbivores, or omnivores.