IB DP History - Units 1.1, 1.2, and 2

Course of WW1, Tsarist, Revolutionary, and Soviet Russia

Dual Alliance

• 1879-1890

• alliance b/w G and A-H

  • promised to help each other if attacked by R remain neutral if attacked by anyone else

• CAUSED: Dreikaiserbund #1 b/c R felt betrayed

Triple Alliance

• 1882-1915

• alliance b/w G, Italy, A-H

  • promised to help each other if attacked

• CAUSE: Italy wanted back up in conflict w/ Fr

  • It wanted Tunisia, Fr + Italy sabotaged each other’s economies and trade via tariffs

Dreikaiserbund #1

• 1873-1875

• alliance w/ G, A-H, R

• CAUSE: Bismarck wants to establish Gs place in BoP

  • Realpolitik = be realistic; Gs way of achieving goals

Dreikaiserbund #2

• 1881-1887

• same alliance b/w G, A-H, R

  • R returned to alliance b/c Tsar Alex. II died by anti-monarchy revolutionists

Entente Cordiale

• 1904

• agreement b/w Br + Fr settling colonial disputes

• CAUSE: Br needed more allies, Fr realized R too weak to be an ally, NEITHER wanted to join R-J war

  • G isolated, war is more likely

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

• Leader of A-H

• Assassinated by Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip (member of Black Hand)

• DIED JUNE 28TH, 1914

July Crisis

• July 5th: A-H has full support of G

• July 23rd A-H makes unserious, impossible demands to Serbia

  • Serb has 48 hours to reply → agrees to most

• July 28th: A-H declares war anyway

• July 30th: R mobilizes for Serbia

First Moroccan Crisis

• 1905-1906

• G challenged Fr Morocco takeover

• CAUSE: G wanted influence in N. Africa + break Weltpolitik failure streak

• OUTCOME: Br, R, etc support Fr; Only A-H supports G

  • polarized Fr + Br + military coup

  • G gained no land, hurt pride

Second Moroccan Crisis

• 1911

• CAUSE: Morocco wanted F to help settle down revolt, G sent gunboat to interfere and wants France’s African colony

• OUTCOME: Br afraid G would get naval base (affects ship routes), asked G to back off and did

  • Weltpolitik = failure #2, G population = mad, increased polarization, hostility + Br and Fr military cooperation

Bosnian Crisis

• 1908

• A-H annexed Bosnia following Y.T.R. = new Ottoman-Empire govt

• R weak, cant challenge alone → Serb = mad, expect full R support b/c (Serb population # + Serb sea access = everyone WANT Bosnia)

• OUTCOME: Russia weak, no support; Bosnia annexed

  • R + Serb want revenge, given loans by F for military

First Balkan War

• 1912

• CAUSE: R formed Balkan league (Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Montenegro) to fight VS. O-E

  • OUTCOME: Balkan independence (O-E out), A-H threatened, Br helped establish Balkan borders → A-H made sure new borders cut Serb access to sea

Second Balkan War

• 1913

• War - border dispute b.w Bulgaria vs. Serb. Greece, Rom. Mont. + O-E

• A-H wants G support, tells A-H to chill

• OUTCOME: Serb victory → gained territory, strong military, increase Serb nationalism

  • A-H wants to crush Serb

Gavrilo Princip

• 1894-1918

• Bosnian, Serbian nationalist that shot archduke + his wife Sophie Chotek

• weapon supplied by Serbian nationalist group THE BLACK HAND

Kaiser Wilhelm II

• 1888: emperor of G

• wanted terrirorial + military expansion

• NEW POLICY = Weltpolitik (world policy), worsened instability of int. relations

  • G seen as #1 enemy of world peace

Triple Entente

• 1907 formed

• alliance b/w Br, F + R → united front against G

• FORMED BY: Franco-Russian alliance (1894), Entente Cordial (1904 b/w Fr + Br), + Anglo-Russian Entente (1907 R + Fr)

Empires that FELL after WW1

• A-H

• O-E

• Russian

• German

Nicholas II

• 1894-1917

• 1904-1905: lost Battle of Tsushima → Damaged R prestige, led to revolution

• 1905 + Stolypin Reforms: workers on strike → promised freedom speech, assembly (duma), etc

  • Stolypin = minister of R, ordered Marshall Law (peasants unhappy)

• 1916: Brosilov Offensive

• March 2nd 1917: abdication of TSAR NICHOLAS II

Blank Cheque

• July 5th, 1914

• A-H had full unconditional support from G after assassination of F.F

• designed to secure triumph for central powers in Balkans

Trench Warfare

• developed in September b/w FR vs G

• developed after Schlieffen Plan failed ( Fr vs. G ) → posed problems due to dangers of crossing enemy territory

• fortified w/barbed wire, soldiers have NO protection from artillery bombardment, machine guns, + sniper fire

Stalemate

• situation where neither Allied P or Central P could win a decisive victory

  • termed War of Attrition

  • ended war on western front

Mustard Gas

• Introduced 1915 during SECOND BATTLE OF YPRES

  • attempt to end stalemate, G, Br, Fr, USA, A-H all used during WW1

Schlieffen Plan

• 1914

• Plan to defeat Fr in 6 WEEKS

• G advanced further east after Bel. invasion to invade Fr

• Bel, Fr + Br resistance slows down G

  • plan FAILED + both sides developed trench systems to secure positions

No Man’s Land (WW1)

• the area b/w opposing trenches heavily guarded + exposed to constant fire

• frontal attacks = deadly + futile

Paul von Hindenburg

• 1914-1918

• Hindenburg + Ludendorff = had near total control over G wartime govt + economy → form of shadow government

Erich von Ludendorff (Ludendorff Offense)

• March 1918

• attempt to counter Allied forces + have decisive victory

• G lacked man power + resources, so…

  • employed shorter artillery bombardment (coined hurricane barrage) + smaller staggered infantry detachments = G unable sustain, retreated in July (Marne attack)

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

• Signed March 3rd 1918

• “shameful peace“ that declared Rs severe losses to secure peace

• Massive Land loss

• Russians join anti-Bol forces, increases chances of civil war

• lost 62M ppl, 17% farm, 26% railway, 74% iron + coal mines

• Left SRs = revolutionary war, uprising crushed, broken party

• Bol govt = WEAK

League of Nations

• est. January 10th, 1920

• organization w/broad aim of keeping int. peace and preventing war happening again

  • G + R unable to join

• Failure to invite G = decreased effectiveness in promoting internation cooperation

• collective security, disarmament, mandate system

Fourteen Points

• Jan. 8th 1918

• speech to congress by Pres. Woodrow Wilson

  • Open diplomacy

  • Freedom of seas

  • free trade

  • national self determination

  • disarmament

  • league of nations

Treaty of Versailles

• 1919, terms of peace treaty

• Article 231: War Guilt = G responsible for war

• Disarmament: accepted 1914 arms race started war, G obliged to disarm

• Territory: G colonies taken, alsace-lorraine returned to Fr; NO unification b/w Austria + G

• Mandates: Article 27 = aid undeveloped countries

• punishment of kaiser

Armistice

• November 11th, 1918 @ 11:00 AM

• ended fighting of WW1 on Western Front b/w G + Allies

• went into effect 11:AM on 11th month → blame placed on those who signed

• General Eric Ludendorff = blamed social democrats, catholic center party, socialists and jews for WW1 loss

Weimar Republic

• Ruled Nov. 1918

• start of Nazi G: wanted to reestablish national G pride, claimed they were victims of unfair treaty + wont tolerate foreign influence in G any longer

• Defined IN + OUT group citizens rights

• ECO: appeal to workers

• Feb 1920: NEW NAME (NAZI = National Socialist German Workers’ Party)

  • essential 25 point program - political goals

Council of Four

• 1919: conference

• USA: Pres. Woodrow Wilson = advocated for public diplomacy, freedom of sea, land reforms, unified peace

• FR: PM Clementeau = ensure G won’t threaten Fr, heavy economic + territorial sanctions + disarmament policies

• BR: PM Lloyd George = G lose navy + its colonies (decrease threat to Br), G to recover quickly in order to begin trade w/Br, pressure to hold G accountable

• IT/JP: increase wartime gains

  • IT: keep Treaty of London promises

  • JP: inclusion of racial equality in LoN, protect J immigrants

Vladimir Lenin

• leading figure of Bolshevik party, highly influential, strongly advocated views

• wrote + published APRIL THESES

• w/ Trotsky, advocated for Bolshevik seizure of power OCT 1917

Josef Stalin

• promiment Bolshevik

• became revolutionary after reading Marx

• 1898: joined RSDLP (Russian Social Democratic Labour Party)

• nicknamed “man of steel“

• 1903: exiled to Serbia

Leon Trosky

• leading figure in Bolshevik party

• Sept 1917: Pres. of Petrograd Sov

• w/Lenin, advocated for and played lead in carrying out Bolshevik seizure of power OCT 1917

Alexander Kerensky

• SR party member

• bridge b/w leadership of Prov Gov + Petro Sov

• Bolsheviks detested him because they believed he catered to the bourgeoisie

• lost ALL respect after Kornilov Affair

• PROV GOV:

  • PM July-Nov 1917

  • Minister of Justice (March-May 1917)

  • Minister of War (May-September 1917)

  • (June 1917: Kornilov Offensive)

• PETROGRAD SOV:

  • Vice Chairman

Provisional Government

• Feb-Apr 1917: made up largely of bourgeois/kadets who wanted a democracy and NO major economic + social changes + wanted to CONTINUE WW1

• May 15 - July 2, 1917: 1st Coalition

• July 6th: Kerensky elected as PM

• July 24th: 2nd Coalition

• June 18 - July 6: Kerensky offensive attempted to garner support for Bolshevik party, FAILED

• Aug 27-30: Kornilov Affair

April Theses

• published 1917

• Lenin’s beliefs that…

  • Prov Gov = bourgeois, should be given NO support/collaboration

  • ALL gov power → workers + peasants

  • end to Rs participation in WW1

  • Nationalization of ALL land + banks

  • Abolition of police, army, govt

White Army

• CAUSED: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk + anti-Bolshevik sentiments

• Liberals, Former Tsarists, Nationalists wanted a MILITARY DICTATORSHIP

• Separatists + Foreign supporters = Br stop Socialism

• Fr: recoup lost inv., J = gain territory

Red Army

• Pre-existing Bolshevik militia; red guards

• Kronstadt soldiers

• volunteering workers

• conscripted peasants

• STRENGTHS: Propaganda, support, leadership, unity, geographical factors

Bread, Land, Peace

• Lenin’s vision for Russia post-Feb Revolution (April Theses)

• slogan used by Vladimir Lenin during Russian R (1917 OCT)

• attempt to draw the interest of workers + peasants together

October Manifesto

• 1905

• drafted by Witte, signed by Nicholas II

  • promised new civil liberties such as freedom of speech, assembly, association and creation of assembly (the Duma

Constituent Assembly

• temporary government for R to establish new constitution + permanent govt structure following Nicholas II abdication

• Prov gov feared NOT winning enough votes, so they delayed elections

• Nov 1917 elections

  • 53% SRs

  • 24% Bol

  • 5% Kadets

  • 3% Mensheviks

  • 15% others

CHEKA

• established December 1917

• created by Lenin + Felix Dzerzhinsky

• formed to defend communist regime by destroying internal oppositions, striking down saboteurs, and hold a strong, strict grip on R society

July Days

• July 3-6, 1917

• 500,000 in Petrograd marched to demand overthrow of Prov Gov b/c failed to carry out economic + land reforms or schedule constituent assembly elections

Kronstadt Uprising

• attempted revolution against Bolshevik rule (Feb/March 1921)

• instigated soldiers + sailors from Kronstadt (island fort. + military garrison not far from Petrograd)

  • fueled by continuation of War communism, food rationing cuts, ruthless suppression of protest

War Communism

• 1918-1921

• Grain requisitioning, private trade banned, industry nationalized, labor discipline, class-based food rationing (lenin econ. policies during R civil war)

• Spring 1918

New Economic Policy

• 1921-1928

• Bolshevik economic policies blended Socialist + Capitalist elements

• small business reopened

• END grain req. → peasants paid fixed proportion to the govt (surplus allowed)

• legislation of private trade

• govt maintains control over major economic sectors

Bolsheviks

• origination from Social democrat split

• adapted Marx: R was feudal + capitalist, SR = BEST OPTION

• restrictive definition of who was an official party member

• LEADERS: LENING, TROTSKY, STALIN

• NOT significant in Petro Sov early on

• Party of Power: Oct/Nov 1917

October Revolution

• Oct 1917

• Oct 24-25 (Nov 6-7 Gregorian): Bol. Red Guards seize key infrastructure parts in Petrograd, arrest minister of Prov. Gov.

• Oct 26 (Nov 8): 2nd Congress of Soviet meet + establish new govt led by Lenin/Bolshevism, dictator of proletariat, the CHEKA

February Revolution

• Feb 1917

• Feb 23: female textile workers protest thru Petrograd on Int. Women Day + strike over severe bread shortage

• Feb 25-26: industrial workers vs police/military

• Feb 27: soldiers of Petrograd refuse to fire, join revolution

• MARCH 2ND: Tsar Nicholas II abdicates THRONE

Marxism

• theory of historical change that posits capitalism will bring socialism → communism

• belief modes of production + material conditions = historical change

• class struggle b/w bourgeoisie + proletariat

TIMELINE:

1. DUAL ALLIANCE 1879

2. TRIPLE ALLIANCE 1882

3. DISMISSAL OF BISMARCK 1890

4. FIRST MOROCCAN CRISIS 1905

5. OCTOBER MANIFESTO 1905

6. SECOND MOROCCAN CRISIS 1911

7. FIRST BALKAN WAR 1912

8. SECOCND BALKAN WAR 1913

9. ASSASSINATION OF FRANZ FERDINAND 1914

10. JULY CRISIS 1914

11. WW1 1914

12. FEBRUARY REVOLUTION 1917

13. ABDICATION OF TSAR NICHOLAS II 1917

14. PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT EST. 1917

15. APRIL THESES 1917

16. JULY DAYS 1917

17. OCTOBER REVOLUTION 1917

18. LENIN COMES INTO POWER 1917

19. RUSSIAN CIVIL WAR 1917

20. WAR COMMUNISM 1918

21. TREATY OF BREST-LIVOTSK 1918

22. TREATY OF VERSAILLES 1919

23. LEAGUE OF NATIONS EST. 1920

24. NEW ECONOMIC POLICY 1921

25. LENIN’S DEATH 1924