Financial Markets - (5) Stocks

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 0 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/20

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

21 Terms

1
New cards

Stocks - Legal Definition

Share capital, representing ownership rights in a corporation, is divided into individual securitized shares that reflect each shareholder's equity claim.

In Germany, share capital (Grundkapital) is the total of the face value of shares issued, with a minimum face value of 1 Euro, while capital reserves (Kapitalrรผcklage) come from the agio, the difference between the issue price and face value. (แƒ›แƒแƒ’. 1 แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒก แƒงแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒœ 5 แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ“, แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒแƒ‘แƒ โ€“ 4 แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ โ€“ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒ”แƒ แƒ•แƒจแƒ˜). แƒแƒ›แƒแƒก แƒ”แƒฌแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒ (Agio).

In contrast, the United States does not make this distinction, viewing it as economically irrelevant.

2
New cards

Terms

Symbol

Georgian Explanation (แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ“)

English Explanation

Pโ‚€

แƒแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒกแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒก (แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒฌแƒงแƒ˜แƒกแƒจแƒ˜) โ€“ แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ“ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ แƒ— แƒแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒก แƒแƒ›แƒŸแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ“.

Share price today (at time tโ‚€); how much you pay now for one share.

Dโ‚œ

แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ˜ t แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก โ€“ แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒฎแƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ แƒแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒแƒก.

Dividend per share in year t โ€“ payment you receive from the company.

EPSโ‚œ

แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ แƒแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒ–แƒ” t แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก โ€“ แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒกแƒฃแƒคแƒ—แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒ— แƒแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒ–แƒ”.

Earnings Per Share โ€“ profit allocated to each share in year t.

rโ‚‘

แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒฆแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ โ€“ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒ–แƒ”.

Cost of equity โ€“ the return an investor expects from the stock.

P / E

แƒคแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ โ€“ แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒฏแƒ”แƒ  แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ˜แƒ แƒก แƒแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ”.

Price-to-Earnings ratio โ€“ how expensive the share is compared to earnings.

P / B

แƒคแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒแƒœแƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ โ€“ แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ•แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒกแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ‘แƒฃแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒขแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ.

Price-to-Book ratio โ€“ compares market price to book value of equity.

w

แƒ–แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒขแƒ”แƒ›แƒžแƒ˜ โ€“ แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ“ แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒฌแƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒฌแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”.

Growth rate โ€“ how fast earnings/dividends grow yearly.

p

แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ โ€“ แƒ แƒ แƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ˜แƒ—.

Dividend payout ratio โ€“ part of earnings paid out as dividends.

ROE

แƒ™แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ โ€“ แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ.

Return on Equity โ€“ how efficiently the company uses shareholdersโ€™ equity to generate profit.

Vโ‚‘

แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ—แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ โ€“ แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒฆแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒแƒ›แƒ˜.

Equity value โ€“ total market value of all shares (Pโ‚€ ร— number of shares).

3
New cards

What are Dividends

knowt flashcard imageknowt flashcard image

1) แƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก, แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ แƒแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒฃแƒฎแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒก.

(sum D / n)
2) แƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒงแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ•แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒกแƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒ—. (DPS/P)

3) แƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก, แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ แƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒแƒ“. (DPS/EPS)

4
New cards
knowt flashcard image

knowt flashcard image

5
New cards

โ€œPrice is what you pay, value is what you get.โ€

โ€œPrice is what you pay, value is what you get.โ€

the Law of One Price, a stock's price should equal the present value of its future cash flows (discounted cash flow principle).

in reality, stock value can differ from its price due to specific market conditions and inefficiencies.

In a perfect capital market, stock price equals its fundamental value. Conditions for a perfect market include:

a large number of investors without market power, equal access to information, fully rational economic actors, and no transaction costs.

6
New cards

Stock return with one-year inverstment horizon

knowt flashcard image

Investors determine a share price based on their expectations of D1, P1, and the required return (re). This price is set where the net present value is zero. Due to cash flow uncertainty, these cash flows must be discounted using the cost of equity, which reflects the expected return from similar-risk investments, akin to the discount rate (r) in bond pricing.

7
New cards
knowt flashcard image

knowt flashcard image

8
New cards

Stock return with a two-year investment horizon

knowt flashcard image

9
New cards

Dividend Discount Model - time horizen larger then 2 years

An investor with a time horizon longer than two years uses the Dividend Discount Model (DDM) to value stocks.

Thus, the stock price equals the present value of all expected future dividend payments.

knowt flashcard image

10
New cards

Predict future Divdends

- Challenge: How can we predict future dividends?

- To determine a stock's price today, we need to forecast its dividends indefinitely.

- There are several common models for predicting future dividends:

1. Zero-growth model

knowt flashcard image

2. Constant growth model

knowt flashcard image

3. Time-varying growth model

11
New cards
knowt flashcard imageknowt flashcard image

knowt flashcard image

12
New cards

Time varying growth model

knowt flashcard image

13
New cards
knowt flashcard imageknowt flashcard image

knowt flashcard imageknowt flashcard image

14
New cards

EPS, dividend ratio p, net investments I, ROE

knowt flashcard image

15
New cards
knowt flashcard image

knowt flashcard image

<img src="https://knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/5ac1f24d-e106-4c92-aa9d-29370b04f62b.png" data-width="100%" data-align="center" alt="knowt flashcard image"><p></p>
16
New cards

The value of growth

knowt flashcard image

แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒฏแƒ˜ 1: แƒ แƒแƒก แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒก Zero-Growth?

  • แƒ แƒแƒชแƒ แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ’แƒแƒกแƒชแƒ”แƒ›แƒก แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒแƒ“

  • แƒแƒœแƒฃ แƒแƒ  แƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒจแƒ˜, แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ  แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ (1)

17
New cards
knowt flashcard imageknowt flashcard image

knowt flashcard image

18
New cards

price-earnings ratio

knowt flashcard image

19
New cards
knowt flashcard image

knowt flashcard image

20
New cards

price - book ration

knowt flashcard image

21
New cards
knowt flashcard image

knowt flashcard image