symbiosis

gut symbiosis

within gut, hindgut/colon, villi/ epithelia, rumen

symbiont micronutrient uptakeexample

fungal hyphae (mychorrhizal) help plants take up phosphates/ nitrates. arbuscular mycorrhizae/ ectomycorrhizae

photosynthate (sugars) acquisition example

algal symbionts provide sucrose found in microeukaryotes

digestion symbiosis example

gut microbes break down complex polysaccharides (lignin, cellulose) into small fatty acid chains. detoxification of toxic plant material

anabolism symbiosis

synthesis of essential/ non-essential amino acids and B vitamins

how do symbionts help hosts avoid predation

toxicity, bodyguard, countershading

protection against microbes examples

streptomyces provide bee wolf with antibiotics

pseudonocardia + attine ants

protection against viruses example

wolbachia lowers viral burden in flies

protection against parasites examples

hamiltonella kills parasitic wasps in aphids

spiroplasma kills wasps and nematodes in drosophila

offensive symbiosis example

nematode + photorhabdus partnership for attacking prey