GenBio1 - Cell Types, Microscopy, Cell Cycle, Photosynthesis, Meiosis

Taxonomic Hierarchy

the relative level of a group of organisms (a taxon) in an ancestral or hereditary hierarchy

Animalia

example of Kingdom

Chordata

example of Phylum

Mammalia

example of Class

Primates

example of Order

Hominidae

example of Family

Homo

example of Genus

Sapiens

example of Species

Archaea

domain system that lives in extreme environment

Crenarchaeota

a phyla that is can survive in high temperatures and thermoacidophiles

Euryarchaeota

a phyla that is produce methane has high salt concentrations

Korarchaeota

a phyla that is found in hot springs and hydrothermal vents, that thrives in high temperatures.

Bacteria

domain system that is generally feared - pathogenic

Proteobacteria

largest group of bacteria (E. coli, Salmonella. Helicobacter pylori)

Cyanobacteria

bacterias that are capable of photosynthesis; blue-green algae

Firmicutes

they are gram-positive bacteria (Clostridium, Bacillus)

Chlamydiae

parasitic bacteria reproduce inside their host's cells (Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydophila pneumoniae)

Spirochetes

exhibit a unique twisting motion (Borrelia burgdorferi, Treponema pallidum)

Eukarya

a domain system that can be unicellular or multicellular and is divided into five kingdoms

Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

five kingdoms of eukarya

Prokaryotes

a type of cell that means "before a nucleus".

Prokaryotes

the earliest type of cells on Earth, greater genetic diversity, and can survive almost anywhere

Prokaryotes

a type of cell described as "one little bag of cytoplasm"

Capsule, Cell wall, Plasma membrane, Ribosomes, Nucleoid, Pili, Flagella

parts of prokaryotic cell

Cocci

spherical (Staphylococcus aureus)

Bacillus

rod shaped (Bacillus thuringiensis)

Spirilla

helical or spiral (Oceanospirillum)

Eukaryotes

appeared approximately one billion years ago

Eukaryotes

generally more advanced than prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

have a complex internal structure

Eukarya

domain of Eukaryotic cells

DNA

linear genetic material found inside nucleus

prokaryotic: 70S; eukaryotic: 80S

prokaryotic: ___; eukaryotic: ___

Sexual

reproduction of prokaryotic cells

Asexual or sexual

reproduction of eukaryotic cells

Binary fission

cell division of prokaryotic cells

Mitosis or Meiosis

cell division of eukaryotic cells

Lipopolysaccharide; Peptidoglycan

cell wall of prokaryotic cells

Cellulose (plants); Chitin (Fungi)

cell wall of eukaryotic cells

Prokaryotic: Flagellin; Eukaryotic: Tubulin

composition of flagella of prokaryotic vs eukaryotic

Prokaryotic: Absent (mesosome) ; Eukaryotic: Present

presence of mitochondria in prokaryotic vs eukaryotic

Prokaryotic: One, but not true chromosomes (PLASMIDS) ; Eukaryotic: More than one chromosome

number of chromosome in prokaryotic vs eukaryotic

Small: micro; View: scope

origin of the word "microscope"

Microscope

designed to produce magnified visual or photographic images of objects too small to be seen by naked eye

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

who used the early microscope that was described as "simple", had only one lens

Janssen brothers

they invented the compound microscope in 1995

Light Microscope

type of microscope that uses light to transmit the image to the eye

Dissecting Microscope

type of microscope that permits the viewing of opaque objects and can magnify up to 30 times.

Compound Microscope

optical instrument with two lenses, the objectives and the eyepiece or ocular.

Monocular

type of compound microscope with only one eyepiece/ocular

Binocular

type of compound microscope with two eyepieces

Mechanical, Magnifying, Illuminating

3 major parts of compound microscope

Base

mechanical part of compound microscope where microscope firmly rest.

Arm

mechanical part of compound microscope serves as a handle for carrying the microscope.

Stage

mechanical part of compound microscope that holds/supports the slide;

Pillar

mechanical part of compound microscope the post of the base where the arm is attached.

Stage Clips

mechanical part of compound microscope hold the specimen firmly on stage

Body tube

mechanical part of compound microscope that acts as the passageway of light from the objective to the eyepiece.

Coarse Adjustment

mechanical part of compound microscope used to focus under the low power objective (LPO)

Fine Adjustment

mechanical part of compound microscope used to slowly focus under the high-power objective (HPO)

Revolving nosepiece

mechanical part of compound microscope that carries the objectives.

Draw tube

mechanical part of compound microscope attached to the upper part of the body tube that holds the ocular.

Eyepiece or Ocular

magnifying part of compound microscope that is a detachable cylinder, and may have a line that serves as a pointer.

Scanner Objective

one of the objectives that is marked as 5x and color red.

Low-Power Objective (LPO)

one of the objectives that is marked as 10x and color yellow.

High-Power Objective (HPO)

one of the objectives that is marked as 40x and color blue.

Immersion Objective

one of the objectives that is marked as 100x and color white.

Mirror

illuminating part of compound microscope that is used to reflect light through the objectives and lenses of the eyes.

Condenser

illuminating part of compound microscope used to condense or concentrate the light reflected from the mirror.

Diaphragm

illuminating part of compound microscope it controls the amount of light that travels through the condenser.

Gene

basic unit of heredity, part of DNA

Allele

alternative form of gene, part of Gene

Chromosomes

organized structure of DNA and protein

Chromosomes

eukaryotic cells store genetic information here

Homologous Chromosomes

chromosomes that looks the identical and controls identical traits

Non-homologous Chromosomes

chromosomes that looks the different and controls different traits

Sex Chromosomes

chromosomes that are represented by X and Y, and are distinct from each other in their characteristics

Diploid (2n)

structure of chromosome consisting of two copies of each chromosome

Haploid (n)

structure of chromosome consisting of one copy of each chromosome

Chromatid

part of DNA where it is a half of a homologous chromosome for cell division preparation

Centromere

part of DNA where it is a constricted region where two chromatids conjoins

Kinetochore

part of DNA where the point of attachment of microtubules during cell division

Telomere

part of DNA where it protects the end of a chromosome from deterioration and fusion to other chromosomes

P-arm

upper-left arm of a chromosome

Q-arm

lower-left arm of a chromosome

Metacentric

chromosome morphology where the centromere is at the middle

Submetacentric

chromosome morphology where the centromere is slightly higher from the middle

Acrocentric

chromosome morphology where the centromere is higher from the middle

Telocentric

chromosome morphology where the centromere is at the end of the chromatids

Metacentric

1, 3, 16, 19, and 20 are the ______ chromosomes in the human karyotype

Submetacentric

2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 17, 18, and X are the __________ chromosomes in the human karyotype

Acrocentric

13, 14, 15, 21, 22, and Y are the __________ chromosomes in the human karyotype

Telocentric

a human karyotype does not have _________ chromosomes

Cell Division

the three main reasons why "___ _____" is important are for growth, repair, and reproduction

Cell Cycle

a regular pattern of growth, DNA replication, and cell division

Daughter Cells

the result when cell divides, product of mitosis

Interphase

a part of the cell cycle where its purpose is for cell growth and preparation

Interphase

a part of the cell cycle where cells spends its time mostly in "_______"

Gap 1/G1

phase in interphase where the cell is recovering from mitosis.

Synthesis/S

phase in interphase were the DNA replicates and histone proteins are synthesized.