BIMM 120 final

mycelium

mass of hyphae formed into an underground network

hyphae

branching filaments

chitin

hyphae cell wall

septate hyphae

hyphae whose cells are divided by septa

coenocytic hyphae

hyphae that contain no septa and appear as long, continuous cells with many nuclei

how do hyphae grow?

elongation of the tip without increasing girth

arbuscules

Specialized branching hyphae that are found in some mutualistic fungi and exchange nutrients with living plant cells.

Endomycorrhizae

associates with non-woody plants; penetrates roots

ectomycorrhizae

associates with woody plants; doesn't penetrate roots

Symbiotic relationship of mycorrhizal fungi

Plants need this to facilitate uptake of minerals/water

spores

fungal reproductive bodies

plasmogamy

process in which germinated spores cause hyphae to fuse with a compatible mating type of multicellular fungi

karyogamy

the second stage of multicellular sexual reproduction in fungi in which the nuclei of the fused hyphae merge

first stage of unicellular fungal reproduction

two types of cells produce spores which have "factors" allowing cells types to fuse

second stage of unicellular fungal reproduction

the hormones released from the spores cause the cells to change their surfaces and fuse

third stage of unicellular fungal reproduction

The cell formed is a diploid zygote which will then undergo budding cell division

conidiophores

multicellular fungal species that produces asexual spores

fungal ancestor

unicellular, flagellated protist

when did animals and fungi diverge?

1 billion years ago

cryptomycetes

Unicellular, flagellated spores, mostly parasitic

Microsporidia

microscopic protozoans that cause disease in insects

Chytrids

aquatic and produce flagellated spores; they were the first fungi

Chytridiomycosis

a disease of amphibians caused by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis; thought to be a major cause of the global amphibian decline

zoopagomycetes

live as parasites or as commensal symbionts of animals; some are parasites of other fungi or protists

mucoromycetes

fast-growing molds involved in food rotting during storage

ascomycetes or basidiomycetes

forms mushrooms which are technically hyphae that are above ground

smuts

parasitic fungi that produce blisters containing black spores and often infect grains

rusts

Parasitic fungi which grow on living plants, reducing the plant's ability to grow and mature

lichens

when a fungi and cyanobacteria/green algae forms a mutualistic growth

vaccination

exposure to an antigen to form an immune response for future infections

antigen

a pathogenic substance that triggers the production of an antibody

first vaccination

less deadly cowpox injected to prevent smallpox

toxoids

toxins that can be modified to be harmless

attenuated strain

intact virus altered to be harmless

conjugate vaccine

weak antigen + strong antigen to form a stronger immuno response to the weaker antigen

synthetic antigen

chemically similar to a real pathogenic antigen but altered

RNA vaccine

viral RNA integrated and transcribed inside cells so that those proteins are recognized and targeted

booster shots

periodic immunizations to stimulate immune memory to maintain a high level of protection

penicillin

beta-lactam antibiotic first discovered by Fleming through fungal studies

b-lactam antibiotics

target cell wall by interfering with cell wall synthesis

growth factor analog

synthetic compound similar to a growth factor that disrupts metabolism

sulfa drugs

sulfonamides that are growth factor analogs for folic acid, critical for DNA/RNA synthesis

aminoglycosides

target a subunit of the ribosome but exhibit host toxicity to kidney and hearing

tetracyclines

target a subunit of the ribosome but bind to calcium weakening it

macrolides

binds to a large ribosomal subunit

quinolones

interferes with DNA supercoiling which cause DNA cleavage

Rifamycins

binds to bacterial RNA pol

daptomycin

binds to cytoplasmic membrane to cause a hole

ergosterol

allows fungal membrane to become permeable

echinocandins

inhibit fungal cell wall synthesis

quinine

a drug used for fighting malaria and other fevers

metronidazole

targets infection by anaerobic protists

enriched media

complex media with nutritious substances

selective media

contains compounds to inhibit certain microbes

differential media

contains indicator to differentiate microbes

hemocytometer

counts number of cells

spectrophotometer

measures turbidity

spread plate method

dilute by transferring 1 ml sequentially until the plate is countable and then reverse counting

psychrophilic adaptations

semi-fluid membranes (unsaturated), more a-helix proteins to be flexible, and cold-shock protein

thermophilic adaptations

rigid membrane(saturated, ionic bonding in enzymes with hydrophobic interiors to prevent denaturation, covalently linked membrane

alkaliphilic adaptations

sodium motive force

positive water balance

surrounding has less solute than interior

negative water balance

surrounding has more solute than interior

microaerophiles

live in oxygen in reduced quantities

facultative aerobes

prefer oxygen but can grow in aerobic conditions

obligate aerobes

must have oxygen to live

aerotolerant anaerobes

can tolerate oxygen but cant respire

obligate anaerobes

die in oxygen

anaerobic toxins

superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical

virion

traveling form of a virus

capsid

shell that holds the nucleic acid

surface proteins

proteins on the surface of the cell membrane

bacteriophages

another name for bacterial viruses

first stage in bacteriophage life cycle

attachment to host cell

second stage in bacteriophage life cycle

penetration of nucleic acid into host

third stage in bacteriophage life cycle

biosynthesis by host cell

fourth stage in bacteriophage life cycle

assembly of capsids and packaging of viral genomes into new viruses

fifth stage in bacteriophage life cycle

release of new viruses

attachment

receptors on bacteriophage allow attachment/identification

penetration

bacteriophage hammers into cell wall with tail pin and then injects viral DNA

biosynthesis

viral genome replicaties

packaging

capsid is made then filled with concatemer by packaging motor

faulty head stuffing

host genome inserted into viral components contributing towards HGT

release

cell breaks open to release virions

lytic cycle

a viral reproductive cycle in which copies of a virus are made within a host cell, which then bursts open, releasing new viruses

lysogenic cycle

temperate virus life cycle in which the viral DNA is incorporated into host genome and then replicated to other cells

differences in animal virus life cycle

virion enters cell, uncoating step, nucleus replication, draped in envelope

uncoating

Disassembly of viral capsids releasing the viral genome

virulent

ends with lysis of host cell

latent

viral dna exists in host genome until stress event induces lytic cycle

persistent

virions bud off host cell

transformation

normal cell converts to a tumor cell which enhances growth

prions

infectious misfolded protein particles

transformation

free DNA is taken up

Transduction

facilitated by DNA transfer

conjugation

DNA transfer via plasmid in which one bacteria cell without plasmid (F-) receives plasmid (F+) through a sex pilus conjugation

HFR cell

a cell with the F plasmid integrated into the chromosome

infection, incubation, acute, decline, and convalescent

stages in acute infections

HIV

human immunodeficiency virus

AIDS

caused by HIV (acquired immonodeficiency syndrome)