Fungi, Algae, & Protists Exam 3

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35 Terms

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What are protist?

Unicellular eukaryotes including algae and protozoa

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Mycology

Study of fungi

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Mycoses

Disease caused by fungi

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Mycotoxicosis

Illness caused by the inhalation, ingestion of mycotoxins produced by toxigenic fungi

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Toxicoinfection

Production of toxin during infection

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What are true fungi?

Eukaryotic, spore forming, heterotrophs

  • Main role is decomposing

  • Cell walls are made of chitin

    • Sexual reproduction (spores) and asexual reproduction (budding)

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Yeast

Single celled eukaryotes

  • they prefer asexual reproduction but will preform sexual reproduction when situations are less favorable and this increases genetic diversity

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Saprophytes

Nutrients from decaying organic matter

  • engage in exodigestion which is food being broken down on the outside

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What are yeast infections?

pH imbalances which creates an overgrowth of yeast

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Molds

Multicellular eukaryotes

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Hyphae

Filaments of a mold

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Mycelia

tangled masses of hyphae

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What happens in fragmentation of mycelium in asexual reproduction?

Each segment can generate a new individual

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YM Dimorphism

Dimporphic fungi can switch from yeast form (Y) to mold form (M)

  • caused by differences between two environments (in host vs. outside of host)

  • MAJOR TRIGGER IS CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE

In animal infections: Y form in host and M forms outside of the host

In plant infections: M forms in host and Y forms outside of the host

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Ergot

Fruiting body containing mycotoxin produced by Claviceps, infects rye

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Aflatoxins

Carcinogenic

  • High exposure can lead to liver disease

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Black Mold

Produces Satra toxins- skin rash, pharyngitis, and leukopenia

  • inactivated spores are still toxic

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Algae

Eukaryotic and have a-

  • Cell wall

  • mitochondria

  • chloroplast

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Phycotoxins

Toxic chemicals synthesized by algae

  • Classified based on symptoms associated with poisoning

  • Consumption of shellfish and finfish

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Dinoflagellates : Karenia brevis

Contributes to red tide (can also be bioluminescent)

  • some produce neurotoxins called brevotoxins, these become airborne due to wave action and can cause harmful intoxications in people, especially those with pulmonary issues

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Dinoflagellate : Pfiesteria piscicida

  • Produces a neurotoxin that enters the system by inhalation and through cracks in the skin —> leads to irreversible neurological damage

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Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning

Occurs when shellfish that have fed on TOXIC DINOFLAGELLATES or CYANOBACTERIA are eaten

  • Saxitoxin causes paralysis

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Amnesic Shellfish poisoning

Occurs when shellfish that have fed on toxic DIATOMS or GOLDEN-BROWN ALGAE are eaten

  • Domonic acid causes amnesia

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Protist features

  • No cell wall- instead they have a pellicle (flexible, protein-based outer covering)

  • Contractile vacuole- primitive kidney

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Cysts

Tough resistant dormant structures that protect parasites as it moves through the environment from one host to another and occurs with INTESTINAL PARASITES

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Encystation

Formation of cysts in response to decreasing nutrients

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Excystation

germination of vegetative form, TROPHOZOITE (active state), triggered by return of favorable conditions

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Anaerobic protozoa

Have hydrogenosomes instead of mitochondria

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Hydrogenosomes

Double membraned bound organelle that oxidize pyruvate

  • produce H2 and ATP

  • no citric acid cycle

  • no DNA

  • no ETC

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Giardia lamblia : Giardiasis

Fecal-oral route of contaminated water

  • Anaerobic parasite that attaches to wall of intestines using a sucker and prevents uptake of lipids resulting in greasy, fishy smelling, diarrhea

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Crytosporidium

VERY resistant to chlorine

  • most common in pools

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Toxoplasma gondii

Host- CATS

  • pregnant, don’t change the cat litter! Can lead to miscarriage

  • Flu like symptoms

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Naegleria fowleri

BRAIN EATING AMOEBA

  • love warm fresh water in FL

  • contaminated water enters the nose DEADLY —> travels up the olfactory nerve into the brain causing severe brain inflammation

  • hallmark headache

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Trypanosoma cruzi : Chagas fever

Transmission by the kissing bug

  • It will bite your face, poop on you in the wound, feces will enter the wound and infect

  • causes fever, swelling, and in worse cases heart and digestive disease

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Plasmodium : Malaria

Infects and destroys red blood cells

  • NOT bacteria

  • mosquito transmission