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What are protist?
Unicellular eukaryotes including algae and protozoa
Mycology
Study of fungi
Mycoses
Disease caused by fungi
Mycotoxicosis
Illness caused by the inhalation, ingestion of mycotoxins produced by toxigenic fungi
Toxicoinfection
Production of toxin during infection
What are true fungi?
Eukaryotic, spore forming, heterotrophs
Main role is decomposing
Cell walls are made of chitin
Sexual reproduction (spores) and asexual reproduction (budding)
Yeast
Single celled eukaryotes
they prefer asexual reproduction but will preform sexual reproduction when situations are less favorable and this increases genetic diversity
Saprophytes
Nutrients from decaying organic matter
engage in exodigestion which is food being broken down on the outside
What are yeast infections?
pH imbalances which creates an overgrowth of yeast
Molds
Multicellular eukaryotes
Hyphae
Filaments of a mold
Mycelia
tangled masses of hyphae
What happens in fragmentation of mycelium in asexual reproduction?
Each segment can generate a new individual
YM Dimorphism
Dimporphic fungi can switch from yeast form (Y) to mold form (M)
caused by differences between two environments (in host vs. outside of host)
MAJOR TRIGGER IS CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE
In animal infections: Y form in host and M forms outside of the host
In plant infections: M forms in host and Y forms outside of the host
Ergot
Fruiting body containing mycotoxin produced by Claviceps, infects rye
Aflatoxins
Carcinogenic
High exposure can lead to liver disease
Black Mold
Produces Satra toxins- skin rash, pharyngitis, and leukopenia
inactivated spores are still toxic
Algae
Eukaryotic and have a-
Cell wall
mitochondria
chloroplast
Phycotoxins
Toxic chemicals synthesized by algae
Classified based on symptoms associated with poisoning
Consumption of shellfish and finfish
Dinoflagellates : Karenia brevis
Contributes to red tide (can also be bioluminescent)
some produce neurotoxins called brevotoxins, these become airborne due to wave action and can cause harmful intoxications in people, especially those with pulmonary issues
Dinoflagellate : Pfiesteria piscicida
Produces a neurotoxin that enters the system by inhalation and through cracks in the skin —> leads to irreversible neurological damage
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning
Occurs when shellfish that have fed on TOXIC DINOFLAGELLATES or CYANOBACTERIA are eaten
Saxitoxin causes paralysis
Amnesic Shellfish poisoning
Occurs when shellfish that have fed on toxic DIATOMS or GOLDEN-BROWN ALGAE are eaten
Domonic acid causes amnesia
Protist features
No cell wall- instead they have a pellicle (flexible, protein-based outer covering)
Contractile vacuole- primitive kidney
Cysts
Tough resistant dormant structures that protect parasites as it moves through the environment from one host to another and occurs with INTESTINAL PARASITES
Encystation
Formation of cysts in response to decreasing nutrients
Excystation
germination of vegetative form, TROPHOZOITE (active state), triggered by return of favorable conditions
Anaerobic protozoa
Have hydrogenosomes instead of mitochondria
Hydrogenosomes
Double membraned bound organelle that oxidize pyruvate
produce H2 and ATP
no citric acid cycle
no DNA
no ETC
Giardia lamblia : Giardiasis
Fecal-oral route of contaminated water
Anaerobic parasite that attaches to wall of intestines using a sucker and prevents uptake of lipids resulting in greasy, fishy smelling, diarrhea
Crytosporidium
VERY resistant to chlorine
most common in pools
Toxoplasma gondii
Host- CATS
pregnant, don’t change the cat litter! Can lead to miscarriage
Flu like symptoms
Naegleria fowleri
BRAIN EATING AMOEBA
love warm fresh water in FL
contaminated water enters the nose DEADLY —> travels up the olfactory nerve into the brain causing severe brain inflammation
hallmark headache
Trypanosoma cruzi : Chagas fever
Transmission by the kissing bug
It will bite your face, poop on you in the wound, feces will enter the wound and infect
causes fever, swelling, and in worse cases heart and digestive disease
Plasmodium : Malaria
Infects and destroys red blood cells
NOT bacteria
mosquito transmission