Milesdown's MCAT physics

[...] are physical quantities that have both magnitude and direction

Vectors are physical quantities that have both magnitude and direction Examples: displacement, velocity, acceleration, and force Khan Academy Link

[...] are quantities that have only a magnitude

Scalars are quantities that have only a magnitude Khan Academy Link

For vector addition, use the [...] method, or you can break the vector into its component parts and use the [...]

For vector addition, use the tip-to-tail method, or you can break the vector into its component parts and use the Pythagorean Theorem Tip-to-Tip Method: Pythagorean Theorem Method: Khan Academy Link

For vector subtraction, you must change the [...] of the subtracted vector and then do a tip-to-tail addition

For vector subtraction, you must change the direction of the subtracted vector and then do a tip-to-tail addition Tip-to-Tip Method: Khan Academy Link

Free body diagrams are representations of the [...] acting on an object

Free body diagrams are representations of the forces acting on an object Khan Academy Link

[... equilibrium] occurs in the absence of any net forces acting on an object

Translational equilibrium occurs in the absence of any net forces acting on an object YouTube Link

[... equilibrium] occurs in the absence of any net torques acting on an object

Rotational equilibrium occurs in the absence of any net torques acting on an object YouTube Link

Displacement is path [dependent or independent]

Displacement is path independent Khan Academy Link

Distance is path [dependent or independent]

Distance is path dependent Khan Academy Link

Velocity is a [vector or scalar] and includes both [...] and [...]

Velocity is a vector and includes both magnitude and direction Khan Academy Link

Speed is a [vector or scalar] and includes only the [...]

Speed is a vector and includes only the magnitude of the rate of change Khan Academy Link

A/an [...] is any push or pull that has the potential to result in an acceleration

A/an force is any push or pull that has the potential to result in an acceleration Khan Academy Link

[...] is the attractive force between two objects as a result of their masses

Gravity is the attractive force between two objects as a result of their masses Khan Academy Link

[...] is a force that opposes motion as a function of electrostatic interactions at the surfaces between two objects

Friction is a force that opposes motion as a function of electrostatic interactions at the surfaces between two objects Static friction = stationary object Kinetic friction = sliding object Khan Academy Link

[...] is a measure of the inertia of an object; its amount of material

Mass is a measure of the inertia of an object; its amount of material Khan Academy Link

[...] is the force experienced by a given mass due to the gravitational attraction to the Earth

Weight is the force experienced by a given mass due to the gravitational attraction to the Earth Khan Academy Link

[...] is the vector representation of the change in velocity over time

Acceleration is the vector representation of the change in velocity over time Khan Academy Link

[...] is a twisting force that causes rotation

Torque is a twisting force that causes rotation Khan Academy Link

Newton's first law of motion [...]

Newton's first law of motion An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by a net force > 0 Khan Academy Link

Newton's second law of motion [...]

Newton's second law of motion Any acceleration is the result a net force > 0 Khan Academy Link

Newton's third law of motion [...]

Newton's third law of motion For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction Khan Academy Link

Units for joule [...]

Units for joule Joules are units of energy A joule is the amount of work you do when you exert a force of 1 newton to move an object a distance of 1 meter (1 newton meter or Nm) Khan Academy Link

[... energy] is the energy of motion, observable as the movement of an object

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, observable as the movement of an object Khan Academy Link

[... energy] is a type of energy an object has because of its position

Potential energy is a type of energy an object has because of its position The energy stored within a system Khan Academy Link

[... energy] is the potential an object has to do work as a result of being located at a particular position in a gravitational field

Gravitational potential energy is the potential an object has to do work as a result of being located at a particular position in a gravitational field Khan Academy Link

[... energy] is created when stretching or compressing an elastic object

Elastic potential energy is created when stretching or compressing an elastic object Elastic potential energy = (1/2) x (spring constant ) x (degree of stretch or compression of a spring squared) Khan Academy Link

[... energy] is the energy between two charged particles

Electrical potential energy is the energy between two charged particles Khan Academy Link

[...energy] is the energy stored in the bonds of compounds

Chemical potential energy is the energy stored in the bonds of compounds Khan Academy Link

Conservative forces are path [dependent or independent]

Conservative forces are path independent Work is determined only by the final displacement of the object Examples: gravity and electrostatic forces In the above example, you would only calculate the work along the green line, it doesn't matter that the object took a roundabout way to get there Khan Academy Link

Non-conservative forces are path [dependent or independent]

Non-conservative forces are path dependent They cause dissipation of mechanical energy from a system Examples: friction and air resistance Khan Academy Link

[...] is the process by which energy is transferred from one system to another

Work is the process by which energy is transferred from one system to another Khan Academy Link

[...] is the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred

Power is the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred SI unit is watt (W) Khan Academy Link

Give the equation for the mechanical advantage of an inclined plane [...]

Give the equation for the mechanical advantage of an inclined plane Khan Academy Link

[...]

Efficiency The ratio of the machine's work output to work input when non-conservative forces are taken into account YouTube Link

[... equilibrium] is when systems have the same average kinetic energy and thus the same temperature.

Thermal equilibrium is when systems have the same average kinetic energy and thus the same temperature. No heat transfer Khan Academy Link

[...] is the average kinetic energy of the particles that make up a substance

Temperature is the average kinetic energy of the particles that make up a substance Khan Academy Link

[... systems] do not exchange matter or energy with surroundings

Isolated systems do not exchange matter or energy with surroundings Khan Academy Link

[... systems] will exchange energy but not matter with their surroundings

Closed systems will exchange energy but not matter with their surroundings Khan Academy Link

[.. systems] will exchange both energy and matter with their surroundings

Open systems will exchange both energy and matter with their surroundings Khan Academy Link

A/an [... function] is a property that has a unique value that depends only on the present state of a system and not how the state was reached, nor on the history of the system

A/an state function is a property that has a unique value that depends only on the present state of a system and not how the state was reached, nor on the history of the system Pressure Density Temperature Volume Enthalpy Internal energy Gibbs free energy Entropy Khan Academy Link

A/an [... function] describes the pathway from one equilibrium state to another

A/an process function describes the pathway from one equilibrium state to another Work and heat YouTube Link

[...] is energy transfer between two objects at different temperatures

Heat is energy transfer between two objects at different temperatures It occurs until the two objects come into thermal equilibrium (reach the same temperature) Khan Academy Link

Specific heat is the amount of energy necessary to [...]

Specific heat is the amount of energy necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of substance by 1° C or 1 K Remember, temperature is average kinetic energy Khan Academy Link

[...] is the amount of energy required for a phase change of a substance

Heat of transformation is the amount of energy required for a phase change of a substance Temperature does not change during the transformation Q = heat transferred during the phase change m = mass HL = latent heat or heat of transformation Khan Academy Link

Isobaric processes have constant [...]

Isobaric processes have constant pressure Khan Academy Link

Isothermal processes have constant [...]

Isothermal processes have constant temperature {{c2::}} Khan Academy Link

No [...] is exchanged in an adiabatic process

No heat is exchanged in an adiabatic process {{c2::}} Khan Academy Link

Isovolumetric processes have constant [...]

Isovolumetric processes have constant volume {{c2::}} Khan Academy Link

Work in regards to expansion or compression of a gas is calculated using the following formula: [...]

Work in regards to expansion or compression of a gas is calculated using the following formula: Work = - (pressure) x (change in volume) Khan Academy Link

[...] is a measure of how much energy has spread out or how spread out energy has become

Entropy is a measure of how much energy has spread out or how spread out energy has become Khan Academy Link

[...] are substances that flow and conform to the shape of their containers

Fluids are substances that flow and conform to the shape of their containers This includes liquids and gases Khan Academy Link

[...] maintain their shape regardless of their container

Solids maintain their shape regardless of their container Do not flow

Give the equation for density: [...]

Give the equation for density: YouTube Link

Give the equation for pressure: [...]

Give the equation for pressure: Pressure = force / area Pressure is exerted by a fluid on the walls of its container and on objects placed in the fluid Khan Academy Link

Pressure is [equal or varying] in every direction in a fluid at a given depth

Pressure is equal in every direction in a fluid at a given depth If it were not equal, the fluid would flow Khan Academy Link

[...] is the sum of all pressures at a certain point within a fluid

Absolute pressure is the sum of all pressures at a certain point within a fluid Absolute pressure = (pressure at the surface of the fluid) + (pressure due to the fluid's weight) Khan Academy Link

In water, every additional 10 meters of depth adds approximately [...] to Ptotal

In water, every additional 10 meters of depth adds approximately 1 atm to Ptotal

Gauge pressure is [... pressure] - [... pressure]

Gauge pressure is absolute pressure - atmospheric pressure Its the reading that a pressure gauge would show when used to test the pressure of something It is zero referenced against atmospheric pressure so if the gauge reads "0 atm" that means there is no pressure other than the existing atmospheric pressure Khan Academy Link

Pascal's principle states that pressure applied to a fluid will be distributed [...] throughout the entire volume of the fluid

Pascal's principle states that pressure applied to a fluid will be distributed undiminished throughout the entire volume of the fluid A pressure change at any point in a fluid is transmitted throughout the fluid such that the same change occurs everywhere Khan Academy Link

Hydraulic machines operate based on the application of Pascal's principle to generate [...]

Hydraulic machines operate based on the application of Pascal's principle to generate mechanical advantage Khan Academy Link

Archimedes' principle states that when an object is placed in a fluid, the fluid generates a buoyant force against the object that is equal to the [...]

Archimedes' principle states that when an object is placed in a fluid, the fluid generates a buoyant force against the object that is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object If FB > mobject, then the object floats If FB < mobject, then the object sinks Khan Academy Link

Specific gravity is the ratio of [...] to [...]

Specific gravity is the ratio of an object's density to water's density Khan Academy

Cohesion refers to the clinging of [like or unlike] molecules

Adhesion refers to the clinging of [like or unlike] molecules Cohesion refers to the clinging of like molecules Adhesion refers to the clinging of unlike molecules Capillary action occurs when the adhesive forces to the wall are stronger than the cohesive forces between the liquid molecules Khan Academy Link

Capillary action occurs when the [... forces] to the wall are stronger than the [... forces] between the liquid molecules

Capillary action occurs when the adhesive forces to the wall are stronger than the cohesive forces between the liquid molecules The wall of the container just above the water surface attracts water molecules upwards through the force of adhesion In capillary action, adhesion > cohesion Khan Academy Link

Surface tension is created by [... forces]

Surface tension is created by cohesive forces Khan Academy Link

[...] is a measure of a fluid's internal friction

Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's internal friction Khan Academy Link

[... flow] is smooth and orderly

Laminar flow is smooth and orderly Khan Academy Link

[... flow] is rough and disorderly

Turbulent flow is rough and disorderly Khan Academy Link

Poiseuille's law determines the [...] of laminar flow

Poiseuille's law determines the rate of laminar flow The relationship between radius and pressure gradient is inverse exponential to the fourth power Q = flow rate P = pressure r = radius η = fluid viscosity L = length of tubing Khan Academy Link

Volumetric flow rate is the volume of fluid which passes per [...]

Volumetric flow rate is the volume of fluid which passes per unit time Flow rate = volume / time Or, flow rate = (velocity) x (cross sectional area) A = cross sectional area v = velocity Khan Academy Link

How will the size of a pipe or passage affect fluid flow rate? Narrow passages: [fast or slow] Wider ones: [fast or slow]

How will the size of a pipe or passage affect fluid flow rate? Narrow passages: fast Wider ones: slow Continuity Equation Khan Academy Link

MileDown::Physics::Fluids::Equations Give Bernoulli's equation: [...]

MileDown::Physics::Fluids::Equations Give Bernoulli's equation: The sum of all forms of energy in a fluid flowing along an enclosed path is the same at any two points in the path Khan Academy Link

According to the venturi effect, the velocity of a fluid passing through a constricted area will [increase or decrease] and its static pressure will [increase or decrease]

According to the venturi effect, the velocity of a fluid passing through a constricted area will increase and its static pressure will decrease Khan Academy Link

The Venturi tube demonstrates that as cross-sectional area decreases from point 1 to point 2, the linear speed must [increase or decrease] The Venturi tube demonstrates that as cross-sectional area decreases from point 1 to point 2, the linear speed must increase The average height of the horizontal tube remains constant, so pgh remains constant at points 1 and 2 As the dynamic pressure increases, the absolute pressure must decrease at point 2, causing the column of fluid sticking up from the Venturi tube be to be lower at point 2 YouTube Link

In our circulatory system, or any closed fluid system, as total cross-sectional area increases, velocity [increases or decreases]

In our circulatory system, or any closed fluid system, as total cross-sectional area increases, velocity decreases YouTube Link

The [...] is the unit of charge

The coulomb is the unit of charge The amount of charge in one ampere-second Khan Academy Link

Protons have a [+ or -] charge Electrons have a [+ or -] charge

Protons have a positive charge Electrons have a negative charge Both protons and electrons possess the fundamental unit of charge (e = 1.60 × 10-19 C) Khan Academy Link

Opposite charges exert [...] forces

Like charges exert [...] forces Opposite charges exert attractive forces Like charges exert repulsive forces YouTube Link

[...] are a type of material that allows the flow of charge

Conductors are a type of material that allows the flow of charge Khan Academy Link

[...] are a type of material that resists the movement of charge

Insulators are a type of material that resists the movement of charge Khan Academy Link

Coulomb's law gives the magnitude of the [...] between two charges

Coulomb's law gives the magnitude of the electrostatic force vector between two charges Khan Academy Link

The Coulomb's law proportionality constant (in air) is k = [...]

The Coulomb's law proportionality constant (in air) is k = 9.0 x 109 N • m2 / C2 The units on k are such that when placed into the Coulomb's Law equation the units on charge (Coulombs) and the units on distance (meters) will be canceled, leaving a Newton as the unit of force Khan Academy Link

Every charge generates a/an [...], which can exert forces on other charges

Every charge generates a/an electric field, which can exert forces on other charges Khan Academy Link

Field lines show the activity of a [positive or negative] test charge

Field lines show the activity of a positive test charge Used to represent the electric field vectors for a charge Move away from a positive charge and move toward a negative charge (north to south) The field is stronger where the field lines are closer together Khan Academy Link

A/an [...] line is a line on which the potential at every point is the same

A/an equipotential line is a line on which the potential at every point is the same Equipotential lines are always perpendicular to electrical field lines No work is done when a charge moves along an equipotential line YouTube Link

A/an [...] is a separation of positive and negative charges

A/an electric dipole is a separation of positive and negative charges The simplest example of this is a pair of electric charges of equal magnitude but opposite sign, separated by some (usually small) distance YouTube Link

A/an [...] is a measure of the separation of positive and negative electrical charges within a system

A/an dipole moment is a measure of the separation of positive and negative electrical charges within a system It is the product of charge (q) and separation distance (d) Khan Academy Link

[...] is the amount of work required to bring a test charge from infinitely far away to a given position in the vicinity of a source charge

Electrical potential energy is the amount of work required to bring a test charge from infinitely far away to a given position in the vicinity of a source charge Khan Academy Link

Electric potential energy [increases or decreases] when like charges move closer together or when opposite charges move apart

Electric potential energy increases when like charges move closer together or when opposite charges move apart Khan Academy Link

Electric potential energy [increases or decreases] when like charges move apart or when opposite charges move closer together

Electric potential energy decreases when like charges move apart or when opposite charges move closer together Khan Academy Link

[...] is the potential energy of a unit charge in any electric field

Electrical potential is the potential energy of a unit charge in any electric field Different points in the space of an electric field surrounding a source charge will have different electrical potential values Note: Electric potential is not the same as electric potential difference. Electric potential difference, also called voltage, is the difference of electric potentials of two different points Khan Academy Link

[...] is the potential difference in charge between two points in an electrical field

Voltage is the potential difference in charge between two points in an electrical field The greater the voltage, the greater the flow of electrical current Khan Academy Link

Test charges will move spontaneously in whichever direction results in a [increase or decrease] in their electrical potential energy

Test charges will move spontaneously in whichever direction results in a decrease in their electrical potential energy Khan Academy Link

A/an [...] is a region around a magnetic material or a moving electric charge within which the force of magnetism acts

A/an magnetic field is a region around a magnetic material or a moving electric charge within which the force of magnetism acts Unit is the tesla (T) Khan Academy Link

[... materials] possess no unpaired electrons and are slightly repelled by a magnet

Diamagnetic materials possess no unpaired electrons and are slightly repelled by a magnet Khan Academy Link

[... materials] possess some unpaired electrons and become weakly magnetic in an external magnetic field

Paramagnetic materials possess some unpaired electrons and become weakly magnetic in an external magnetic field Khan Academy Link

[... materials] possess some unpaired electrons and become strongly magnetic in an external magnetic field

Ferromagnetic materials possess some unpaired electrons and become strongly magnetic in an external magnetic field YouTube Link

Current-carrying wires create magnetic fields that are [...] surrounding the wire

Current-carrying wires create magnetic fields that are concentric circles surrounding the wire Khan Academy Link

Give the equation for magnetic force of a moving point charge: [...]

Give the equation for magnetic force of a moving point charge: Khan Academy Link

Give the equation for magnetic force of a current carrying wire: [...]

Give the equation for magnetic force of a current carrying wire: Khan Academy Link