Unit 2 - Energy, Materials, Systems and Devices

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59 Terms

1
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How does fracking work?

A well is drilled into crust until it hits shale rock, sending a high-pressure mixture of water, sand and chemicals to release the gas.

2
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How is a fossil fuel used to generate electricity?

As the fossil fuel burns it generates heat, which is used to create steam that drives a turbine to generate electricity.

3
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What is potential energy?

Stored energy to be released

4
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What is kinetic energy?

• The energy an object has due to its motion • Can be transferred

5
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How are flywheels used in the National Grid?

• When there's low demand, surplus energy spins a flywheel • Flywheels maintain momentum due to an almost frictionless environment • If demand rises the momentum is used to drive a generator to feed energy back into the grid

6
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How do pneumatic systems work?

Pneumatic systems rely on a constant supply of compressed air, provided by an air compressor, to produce a force

7
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How do hydraulic systems work?

Hydraulic systems rely on compressed fluid, provided by a pump, to produce a force

8
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How do batteries work?

They store chemical energy and chemical reactions are used to generate electricity

9
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Give a suitable material for surgical sutures or drug delivery

Biodegradable polymers, break down after use

10
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Give a suitable material to use for receptions desks or door fronts and why

flexible MDF, can be folded into curved desks etc.

11
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Suggest what can be used for joint replacement or fibre optics and why

titanium, strong and light

12
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Suggest what can be used for screens on handheld devices and why

LCDs, compact, light and have low power use

13
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Suggest a suitable material for a frying pan base or antifraud banknotes and why

Teflon, creates a non-stick surface and water-proof

14
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Suggest a suitable material for prototypes and why

polymorph, easy to remould

15
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Why are biodegradable polymers carbon neutral?

Energy used in manufacturing and transport comes from vegetable starch that absorb CO2 during growth, which offsets the CO2 released

16
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Suggest a suitable material for car helmets and why

• Glass-reinforced plastic • Light and strong • Corrosion, chemical and heat resistant

17
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Suggest a suitable material for race cars and why

• Carbon fibre • Light and strong • Good tensile strength • Water and chemical proof

18
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Suggest a suitable material for summer clothing and why

• Gore-Tex • Waterproof • Breathable as moisture vapour can escape

19
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Suggest a suitable material for armour and why

• Kevlar • Very strong and hard-wearing • Cut and tear resistant • High thermal protection

20
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Suggest a suitable material for fire blankets and why

• Fire-resistant fabrics • Resist heat and ignition from naked flame

21
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Suggest a suitable material for medical textiles and why

• Microfibres • Absorbent and fast-drying

22
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Describe the process of making glass-reinforced plastic

  1. Prepare mold

  2. Apply release agent

  3. Apply gel coat

  4. Apply GRP matting

  5. Apply resin and work it evenly into the matting

  6. Clamp in position and leave to cure

  7. Release mold

  8. Trim and finish workpiece

23
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What does analogue mean?

continuous variation with no set scale

24
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What does digital mean?

signals that are on or off with a set scale

25
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Name a smart material affected by sound

piezoelectric material

26
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Name a smart material affect by UV rays

Photochromic pigments

27
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Name smart materials affected by pressure

QTC and piezoelectric material

28
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Name smart materials affected by electricity

QTC, piezoelectric material and shape memory alloy

29
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Name smart materials affected by heat

Thermochromic pigments and shape memory alloy

30
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Name a smart material affected by pH

litmus paper

31
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Name smart materials affected by stress

Piezoelectric material, self-healing polymers

32
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Give an example of a shape memory alloy

Nitinol - alloy of nickel and titanium

33
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Give an example of a piezoelectric material

quartz

34
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How does self healing concrete work?

• When cracks appear water seeps into them rupturing spheres of food and bacteria and activating them • Bacteria begins to feed resulting in calcium carbonate that bonds the concrete and fills the crack

35
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How does QTC work?

• QTC changes its electrical resistance based on changes in applied force. • The more force applied the lower the resistance

36
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How do piezoelectric materials work?

They change shape if voltage is applied

37
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What does a speaker do?

emit sound - output

38
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What does a LDR do?

resistance decreases when light intensity increases - input

39
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What does a LED do?

emits light when a current passes through it - output

40
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What does a push-to-make switch do?

provides a momentary connection - input

41
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What does a push-to-brake switch do?

provide a temporary disconnection - input

42
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What does a buzzer do?

produces an audio signal - output

43
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What does a thermistor do?

resistance decreases when temperature increases - input

44
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What does a toggle switch do?

latches on a connection - input

45
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What is an open loop system?

A system that does not respond to changing conditions

46
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What is a closed loop system?

Uses feedback built into the device to respond to changing conditions

47
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What is a monostable device?

A signal pulse is triggered by a switch or sensor - used for timing length of an event

48
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What is an astable device?

Produces a stream of pulses that are oscillating and constant

49
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What is a linkage?

changes magnitude/direction of a force

50
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What is a class 1 lever?

axis of rotation (fulcrum) is between the effort (force) and load

51
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What is a class 2 lever?

load is between the axis of rotation (fulcrum) and the effort (force)

52
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What does oscillating mean?

repeated back and forth movement of an object

53
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What does reciprocating mean?

repetitive linear motion

54
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What is an idler gear?

A gear that allows the driver gear and the driven gear to turn in the same direction

55
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What is an eccentric cam?

round with hole for offcentred camshaft

56
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What is a snail cam?

long dwell, slow rise, sudden drop

57
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What is a pear cam?

long dwell, rapid rise and fall

58
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What is a constant velocity cam?

designed to have no dwell period

59
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How are pulleys adapted?

• Pulley wheels have V-shaped grooves for extra friction from larger surface area, as well as to insure the belt is engaged • Belts may have notches for more efficient flexing • Pulleys attach to driver shafts to transfer motion to other parts of the mechanism