BIS 2C Plant Phylogeny

before Coleochaete

plasmodesmata , retention of the egg

land plants

waxy cuticle, zygote retained, alternation of generations life cycle, airborne spores

includes: every plant past chara

vascular plants

(lycophytes, monilophyte, gymnosperms, angiosperms) vascular tissue, sporophyte dominance

includes: everything except bryophytes (liverworts, moss, hornworts)

Euphyllophytes

(monilophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms) megaphylls, overtopping and lateral branching of stems, chloroplast DNA inversion

seed plants

(gymnosperms, angiosperms) seeds, pollen, BVC, heterospory, ovules

angiosperms

(basal angiosperms, monocots, eudicots) flowers, fruit, double fert and endosperm (3n)

liverworts

male and female gametes produced on separate stalked structures, gemmae

moss

elongate saprophyte with capped like sporangium

hornworts

elongate, persistently green (photosynthetic) sporophyte, sporophyte with indeterminate growth

non vascular plants

(liverworts, moss, hornwort) no vascular tissue, gametophyte dominant, short in stature

Lycopodium

within lycophytes, strobili, dichotomous branching of stem, microphylls

selaginella

within the lycophytes (microphylls, dichotomous branching), heterospory, no sori

ferns

(monilophyte) sori, megaphylls emerge as fiddleheads

equisetum (horsetail)

(monilophyte) strobili at stem tips, whorled reduced leaves, hollow stem, highly reduced leaves

Psilotum

(monilophyte) leaves and roots reduced or lost, yellow + ball like sporangia at stem nodes, dichotomous branching of stem

ginko (ginkgo)

(gymnosperm) growth form: tree, male and female strobili on separate plants (dioecious), megaphylls divided into two lobes, foul smelling, fleshy seed coat

cycad

(gymnosperm) male and female strobili on separate plants (dioecious), large + compound megaphylls, no sori under leaves

conifers

(gymnosperm) growth forms: tree, male and female strobili on same plant (monoecious), large + woody ovulate cones, smaller + soft pollen cones, modified + narrow megaphylls with resin ducts

gnetophytes

(gymnosperm) male and female strobili on separate plants (dioecious), paired + opposite megaphylls, double fertilization and vessel elements (in some species)

indeterminate leaf growth (welwitschia), distinctive cones (gnetum)

monocots

(angiosperm) flower parts in multiples of 3, megaphylls with parallel veins, loss of BVC, single cotyledon in the seed

eudicots

(angiosperm) flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5, megaphylls with netted veins, two cotyledons in the seed

Monilophytes

Equisetum, Psilotum, and Ferns

Lycophytes

Lycopodium and Selaginella

Microphylls, dichotomous branching, strobili

Gymnosperms

Cycads, ginkgos, gnetophytes, conifers