Comprehensive Clinical Assessment and Pathology Practice Flashcards

These flashcards cover cardiac valve pathologies, heart sounds, murmur grading, abdominal quadrants and assessment techniques, vascular diseases (PAD/PVD), and male/female reproductive emergencies based on the lecture notes.

Stenosis

A heart valve state characterized by a stiff or narrowed valve that causes obstructed forward flow.

Regurgitation

A heart valve state where a leaky valve allows for backward flow.

Aortic Stenosis

A valve disorder occurring during systole (ventricular contraction/ejection) where forward flow out of the left ventricle is obstructed.

Mitral Stenosis

A valve disorder occurring during diastole (ventricular relaxation/filling) where forward flow into the left ventricle is obstructed.

Mitral Regurgitation

A leaky valve disorder occurring during systole where blood flows backward from the left ventricle into the left atrium.

Aortic Regurgitation

A leaky valve disorder occurring during diastole where blood flows backward from the aorta into the left ventricle.

S1 Heart Sound

The sound produced when the AV valves close at the start of systole.

S2 Heart Sound

The sound produced when the semilunar valves close at the end of systole.

Thrill

A palpable, buzzing vibration felt on palpation of the chest, associated with heart murmur Grades IV, V, and VI.

Grade I Murmur

A very faint heart murmur heard only by an expert in a quiet room; no thrill is present.

Grade IV Murmur

A loud heart murmur associated with a palpable thrill; the lowest grade at which a thrill first appears.

Grade VI Murmur

The loudest heart murmur, heard with the stethoscope completely off the chest wall; associated with a thrill.

Hepatic Flexure

The colonic flexure located in the Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ).

Splenic Flexure

The colonic flexure located in the Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ).

Sigmoid Colon

The segment of the colon uniquely found in the Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) that is not shared with other quadrants.

Borborygmi

The clinical term for hyperactive, loud 'stomach growling' sounds.

Tympany

The predominant percussion sound over the stomach and intestines due to the presence of gas and air.

Dullness

The percussion sound expected over solid organs such as the liver or spleen, or an enlarged spleen.

Murphy's Sign

Also known as Inspiratory Arrest; a clinical test for acute cholecystitis where a patient abruptly stops inhaling because the descending liver pushes the inflamed gallbladder against the examiner's fingers.

Blumberg's Sign

Also known as Rebound Tenderness; severe, sharp pain upon the rapid release of deep pressure, indicating peritoneal inflammation.

Ileostomy Drainage

Highly liquid, continuous drainage containing active digestive enzymes that are extremely corrosive to surrounding skin.

Intermittent Claudication

Muscle pain or cramping brought on by activity and relieved by rest; a characteristic symptom of Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD).

Hemosiderin Staining

A brownish brawny discoloration in the lower leg or ankle seen in Peripheral Venous Disease (PVD) caused by red blood cells leaking into tissues and breaking down.

Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI)

A noninvasive diagnostic test calculated by dividing the higher systolic ankle pressure by the higher systolic brachial pressure; a value below $0.9$ indicates Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD).

Pitting Edema Grade 4+

Very deep pitting where the indentation lasts a long time and the leg is grossly distorted.

High Probability of DVT

Indicated by a score of $3$ points or higher on the Wells Score scale.

Lymphedema

Edema caused by blocked or removed lymphatic vessels; typically non-pitting, firm, and unilateral with thick, fibrotic skin.

Testicular Torsion

A surgical emergency presenting with sudden, excruciating unilateral scrotal pain, an absent cremasteric reflex, and a high-riding testis; necrosis can occur within $4$ to $6$ hours.

Prehn's Sign

A clinical maneuver where elevating the scrotum relieves pain (positive) in epididymitis, but does not relieve pain (negative) in testicular torsion.

Paraphimosis

A medical emergency where a retracted foreskin cannot be returned to its original position, acting as a tourniquet that can lead to gangrene.

Priapism

A urological emergency involving a painful, prolonged erection lasting more than $4$ hours without sexual stimulation.

Femoral Hernia

A protrusion of bowel through the femoral ring below the inguinal ligament; it carries the highest risk of strangulation and bowel infarction.

Candidiasis

A vaginal yeast infection characterized by intense pruritus and thick, white, curd-like (cottage cheese) discharge.

Trichomoniasis

A protozoan infection presenting with frothy yellow-green foul-smelling discharge and petechiae on the cervix known as 'strawberry cervix'.

Bacterial Vaginosis

An infection characterized by a thin, gray-white discharge with a strong fishy odor and the presence of 'clue cells' on a wet mount.

Chandelier Sign

Exquisite cervical motion tenderness elicited during a bimanual pelvic exam; a sign of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID).

Ectopic Pregnancy

A life-threatening emergency where a fertilized ovum implants outside the uterus; classic triad includes unilateral lower abdominal pain, abnormal vaginal bleeding (spotting), and amenorrhea.