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Cell

The basic unit of life; all organisms are composed of cells.

Prokaryotic Cell

A type of cell that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus; single-celled organisms like bacteria.

Eukaryotic Cell

A cell that contains a well-defined nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane; can be unicellular or multicellular.

Plasma Membrane

The outer protective layer of the cell; semi-permeable membrane that controls the entrance and exit of materials.

Fluid Mosaic Model Theory

A description of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of various proteins that float in or on the fluid lipid bilayer.

Diffusion

The process where molecules move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.

Facilitated Diffusion

A form of passive transport where molecules pass through the plasma membrane via protein channels.

Osmosis

The movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane from a high concentration of water to a low concentration.

Active Transport

The movement of substances across a membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy in the form of ATP.

Endocytosis

The process in which cells engulf particles by forming vesicles from the plasma membrane.

Phagocytosis

A type of endocytosis where the cell engulfs large particles or cells.

Cytoplasm

The living substance of the cell, located between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.

Mitochondrion

Organelles known as the 'powerhouses' of the cell for ATP production.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

The main energy supplier for most biological activities within the cell.

Golgi Apparatus

An organelle that processes, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion.

Lysosomes

Membrane-bound organelles that contain digestive enzymes; involved in recycling cellular material.

Nucleus

The control center of the cell, containing genetic material (DNA) and directing protein synthesis.

Vacuoles

Spherical sacs used for storage, found in both plant and animal cells.

Ribosomes

Non-membrane-bound organelles where protein synthesis occurs.

Centrosome

Structure in animal cells that serves as the microtubule organizing center and is involved in cell division.

Cilia

Hair-like structures involved in the movement of materials across the cell surface.

Flagellum

A tail-like structure that helps in the propulsion of sperm cells.

Cell Wall

Extracellular structure in plant cells that provides protection and structural support.

Chloroplasts

Organelles found in plant cells that are the site of photosynthesis.

Chromosomes

Structures within the nucleus that contain DNA and are involved in hereditary information transmission.

Hypotonic Solution

A solution with a lower solute concentration outside the cell than inside.

Isotonic Solution

A solution with equal solute concentration inside and outside the cell.

Hypertonic Solution

A solution with a higher solute concentration outside the cell than inside.