Unit 6: Consequences of Industrialization - Heimler Review Guide Answers

Flashcards covering key concepts from Unit 6: Consequences of Industrialization, including the expansion of imperial states, economic imperialism, migration, and imperial resistance.

What is nationalism, and how did it contribute to the second wave of imperialism?

Nationalism is a belief in the greatness of one's nation, often leading to a desire for territory and competition among states to build large empires.

What was Social Darwinism, and how did it contribute to the second wave of imperialism?

Social Darwinism applied "survival of the fittest" to humans, suggesting that industrialized European states were fitter and entitled to take over unindustrialized states.

What was the civilizing mission?

The idea that imperial nations had a duty to develop the people they were conquering, including converting them to Christianity and educating them in western-style schools.

What led the Belgian Congo to go from private control to state control?

King Leopold II's brutal exploitation of the land and people for rubber extraction.

What was the significance of the Berlin Conference (1884-1885)?

European states carved up Africa into colonial holdings without African input.

How did the British expand their empire in Africa through diplomacy?

Through the British Royal Niger Company, who created contracts to buy land from chiefs with a promise that they would give them some level of autonomy if they signed.

What conflict exemplifies European states expanding their empires in Africa through warfare?

The Boer Wars, where the British fought the Dutch in South Africa, consolidating power and driving both the Dutch Afrikaners and indigenous South Africans into refugee camps.

Where were settler colonies established during this time period?

Australia, New Zealand, and during the Scramble for Africa.

How did the United States participate in 19th-century imperialism?

Through westward expansion (Manifest Destiny) and expansion into Southeast Asia by taking control of the Philippines after defeating Spain.

What did Russian expansion look like in the 19th century?

Russia expanded to neighboring territories by conquering Siberia and adding lands in the south and west; they also developed the idea of Pan-Slavism.

What did imperialism look like for Japan at this time?

Japan expanded its influence over Korea, Manchuria, and parts of China due to rapid industrialization during the Meiji Restoration.

What is economic imperialism?

Extending control over another state by economic means.

How did the British practice economic imperialism in China?

By selling opium to China to fix a trade imbalance, leading to the Opium Wars and treaties favoring British interests.

How did instability in China lead to greater European control?

Internal rebellions and wars led to the creation of spheres of influence controlled by various Western powers, Japan, and Russia.

What is an example of economic imperialism in Latin America?

The United Fruit Company building infrastructure in Latin America in exchange for control of land to support their banana business.

What is the difference between economic imperialism and the economics of imperialism?

Economic imperialism is the CAUSE and economics of Imperialism is the EFFECT.

What is an export economy?

An economy that is arranged around the export of commodities.

What are some examples of new export economies?

India and Egypt (cotton), West Africa (palm oil), and other places focused on food products like coffee or meat.

How did industrialization lead to increased migration?

Technology like railroads and steamships allowed migrants to migrate easily and cheaply, and return home.

What were the environmental causes of increased migration c. 1750-1900?

Demographic changes, like the large and growing population in Europe led to job shortages, especially in rural areas. Famines, like the Irish Potato Famine of the 1840s, were a challenge to existing patterns of living.

What was indentured servitude?

A form of semi-coerced labor where workers signed contracts they often could not read, forcing them into long hours under terrible conditions.

What was convict labor?

A form of semi-coerced labor where convicts were sent to penal colonies (e.g., Australia, French Guiana) to perform hard labor.

What was a social effect of increased migration on the places people left?

A gender imbalance due to most migrants being men, which led to women taking on traditionally male roles.

What was a cultural effect of increased migration on the receiving societies?

The formation of ethnic enclaves (e.g., Chinatown, Little Italy) where migrants could find familiar foods and goods.

What was a negative social effect of increased migration on the receiving societies?

A rise in nativism (prejudice against new minority populations).

How did the civilizing mission of imperialism lead to growing resistance against it?

Western education featured Enlightenment ideas like popular sovereignty and natural rights, leading colonized people to question the right of imperial states to conquer them.

Why were some Europeans opposed to imperialism?

Some criticized its brutality (Joseph Conrad), while others felt it created an unstable market and harmed long-term economics (J.A. Hobson, Karl Marx).

What is a good example of direct resistance within empires?

The Yaa Asantewaa War in West Africa, where the Asante Kingdom fought back against British intrusion after the British disrespected their Golden Stool.

What is an example of a people who created a new state at the periphery of a growing imperial state as a form of resistance?

The Cherokee Nation in the United States and the Zulu Kingdom in South Africa.

What is an example of rebellions against imperialism that were influenced by religious ideas?

The Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement in South Africa.