Humanities-Test#2 Study Guide

Florence during the Renaissance

This place was a place booming of new art and ideas. Florence was a cultural center of the Renaissance, known for its artistic advancements, flourishing literature, and influential thinkers such as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo.

The Medici Family

This family funded all of the new art in Florence during the Renaissance.

Characteristics of the Renaissance Style

1. Humanism: Human beings have unlimited potential.

2. Classicism: Following greek and roman principles (balance, order, harmony, and symmetry).

3. New space: portraying depth by using such techniques as atmospheric perspective (things that are closer look clearer), foreshortening (things that are closer look bigger and shorter), and one-point perspective (all lines lead to a vanishing point on the horizon).

Atmospheric Perspective

Things that are closer look clearer, things that are farther away look less clear.

Foreshortening

Things that are closer look larger and shorter.

One-point perspective

All lines in a painting lead to a vanishing point on the horizon.

Sfumato

This art technique was implemented during the Renaissance. It blends out the harsh edges and borders, making them look soft and adding a depth to the painting.

Chiaroscuro

Use of strong contrasts between light and dark, usually bold contrasts affecting a whole composition in art.

Fresco

Fresco is a painting method that uses water-based pigments on freshly laid lime plaster, which becomes part of the wall.

Composition

The arranged elements within a work of art, including balance, harmony, and the overall structure that guides the viewer's eye.

Savonarola

Thanks to his struggle against what he considered a corruption of Catholicism infesting Florence, and his refusal to bow to a Borgia Pope he considered much the same, he was burnt, but not after ruling Florence in a remarkable four years of Republican and moral reform.

Julius II

Pope Julius II was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 1503 to his death, in February 1513. Julius gave the highest priority to the restoration of the Papal States.

Woodcut

Woodcut is a relief printing technique in printmaking. An artist carves an image into the surface of a block of wood—typically with gouges —leaving the printing parts level with the surface…

Martin Luther

Reads the book of Romans and determines that we are saved by faith and not works. He wanted to reform the church, not create a new one. He initiated the Protestant Reformation by posting his Ninety-Five Theses in 1517, which criticized the Church's practices, particularly the sale of indulgences.

Johannes Tetzel

Johann Tetzel was a Dominican friar who preached indulgences in Germany, provoking Martin Luther's Ninety-five Theses in 1517. Johann Tetzel was a Dominican friar who sold indulgences to finance the new St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. He was the one who convinced Luther to take action.

Johannes Gutenberg

A German inventor and craftsman who invented the movable-type printing press.

Henry VIII

• Henry VII of England Mother Elizabeth of York Religion Roman Catholicism(1491–1534) Church of England(1534–1547) Signature Close Henry brought radical changes to the Constitution of England, expanding royal power and ushering in the theory of the divine right of kingsin opposition to papal supremacy.

John Calvin and his beliefs

He was a principal figure in the development of the system of Christian theology later called Calvinism, including its doctrines of predestination and of God's absolute sovereignty. He beheaded poets. His beliefs: 1) Total depravity: humans are wretched, fallen, and sinful 2) Predestination: God chooses who’s saved before birth 3) Limited atonement

Beliefs of the protestant reformation

1) Salvation by faith alone 2) Word of God in scriptures alone (sola scriptura) 3) Individualism/no mediation 4) Simplicity 5) Baptism/communion

To change the behaviors of the people, you have to change their ideas.

Results of the reformation

1) Literacy rates go up 2) Art is destroyed 3) Criminals are executed (Predestination) 4) It’s cool to be rich- the righteous are wealthy (protestant work ethic) 5) Suicide rates go up 6) Great wars between catholics and protestants

Protestant work ethic

The idea that if protestants work harder and become wealthier, they are more righteous and will get into heaven.

The catholic-counter reformation

The Counter-Reformation largely grew as a response to the Protestant Reformation and was a movement of reform within the Roman Catholic Church. The Counter-Reformation served to solidify doctrine that many Protestants were opposed to.

The council of trent

This is where the Catholics determined what rules stayed within their doctrine. 1) 7 sacraments remain 2) the pope remains 3) No more selling of indulgences 4) Seminaries: clergy are trained 5) church has the right to get rid of heresy 6) Scriptures cant be read by the people

The jesuits

The Jesuits helped carry out two major objectives of the Counter-Reformation: Catholic education and missionary work. The Jesuits established numerous schools and universities throughout Europe, helping to maintain the relevance of the Catholic church.

St. Ignatius Loyola

The founder of the Jesuits.

Characteristics of mannerism

1. Abnormal subject matter

2. Confusing narrative

3. Unbalanced, crowded, accentral space

4. Strange proportions

5. Artificial colors

Etching

Etching is traditionally the process of using strong acid or mordant to cut into the unprotected parts of a metal surface to create a design in intaglio (incised) in the metal.

Characteristics of the baroque style

1. Emotion

2. Religious fervor

3. Psychological exploration

4. New and daring techniques (virtuosity)

5. Movement

6. Ornateness and splendor

Soliloquies

an act of speaking one's thoughts aloud when by oneself or regardless of any hearers, especially by a character in a play:

Virtuoso

Individual who possesses outstanding technical ability in a particular art or field

Tenebrism

Tenebrism, from Italian tenebroso ('dark, gloomy, mysterious'), also occasionally called dramatic illumination, is a style of painting using especially pronounced chiaroscuro,

Monophony

one melody and “one voice”

Homophony

melody with a harmony

Polyphony

harmony with multiple melodies at the same time.

Fugue

In polyphony, when the overlapping melodies are the same.

Major

This key sounds happy and upbeat.

Minor

This key sounds sad and downbeat.

Recitative

Recitative is a style of singing that imitates ordinary speech in operas, oratorios and cantatas.

Aria

a long accompanied song for a solo voice, typically one in an opera or oratorio.

Characteristics of baroque music

1. Major/minor notes are set up for the 1st time

2. Vigorous rhythm

3. Terraced dynamics

4. Virtuoso composers and musicians

5. Improvisation

6. Word painting (music illustrates text)

Handel

George Frideric Handel, a German-born English composer of the late Baroque era, was known particularly for his operas, oratorios, and instrumental compositions. He wrote the most famous of all oratorios, Messiah (1741).

Oratorio

a large-scale musical work for orchestra and voices, typically a narrative on a religious theme, performed without the use of costumes, scenery, or action. Well-known examples include Bach's Christmas Oratorio, Handel's Messiah, and Haydn's The Creation.

Bach

Bach was a German composer of the Baroque period and virtuoso organist. His music is notable for its intellectual rigor and emotional expressiveness.

Absolutism

the belief that the king has absolute power.

King Louis the 14th

This king establishes the academy of fine art where he decided which styles of art are allowed.

The Academy of fine arts

This is where king Louis the 14th chooses which styles of art are acceptable.

Characteristics of the academic style

1. Serious and elevated subject matter (Greek mythology or christianity)

2. Rational, not emotional

3. Clear and understandable presentation

Bacon

-the scientific method: hypothesis, experiment, observation, etc.

-everyone can find a new truth and not just the pope and the king

Descartes

“I think, therefore I am”

-believes you can only trust yourself and not the material world

Galileo

-perfects the telescope

-finds planets, craters on the moon, and moons on other planets

-proves the heliocentric model (the sun is at the center of our solar system)

Newton

1) observation/explanation

2) causality

3) determinism

-laws of motion

Hobbes

• Thomas Hobbes (born April 5, 1588, Westport, Wiltshire, England—died December 4, 1679, Hardwick Hall, Derbyshire) was an English philosopher, scientist, and historian, best known for his political philosophy, especially as articulated in his masterpiece Leviathan (1651).

Locke

-Tabula rosa: the human mind is a blank slate

-belives in nurture over nature

Characteristics of the enlightenment

1) reason

2) Individualism/freedom

3) Trust in science and human reason

4) Optimism

5) Belief in progress

Deism: God is the cosmic watchmaker

Deism

The belief that God is the cosmic watchmaker

Characteristics of the Rococo style

1) Superficial pursuit of pleasure

2) Light and frilly

3) Shields rich from real social concerns

Satire

the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues:

Neoclassicism

the revival of a classical style or treatment in art, literature, architecture, or music.

Characteristics of classical music

1) Follows the classical style (A B A)

2) Homophony “One voice” and one melody

3) Easy, memorable melodies

4) Gradual dynamics

5) Clear-cut musical phrases

6) Rules, rather than improvisation

Mozart

-died when he was 35

Amadeus: Gradual dynamics, no extra notes, classical (A B A)