Human Health and Disease Exam 2

proteins

They provide energy, build and repair tissue, and support the immune system. They form body structure (skin, hair, nails), enzymes, hormones, and more.

Amino acids

The building blocks of protein. There are 20 - 9 essential and 11 nonessential (the body can produce them)

complete

Most animal proteins are _______ proteins.

incomplete

Most plant proteins are _________ proteins.

Fats (lipids)

An essential nutrient. Most concentrated source of energy, provides insulation and support, and major fuel during rest and light activity

Triglycerides

stored fats that provide energy—but too many can harm your heart.

Hydrogenation

a chemical process that adds hydrogen atoms to unsaturated fats (like vegetable oils) to make them more solid at room temperature.

trans fats

a type of unsaturated fat that has been chemically altered to make it more solid and stable — usually through a process called partial hydrogenation.

carbohydrates

supply energy for body cells.

Monosaccharides:

the simplest form of carbohydrates — also known as simple sugars.

Disaccharides

carbohydrates made up of two monosaccharides (simple sugars) joined together.

complex carbohydrates

Starches and fiber with multiple sugar units

germ

inner layer of whole grains

endosperm

middle layer of whole grains

bran

outer layer of whole grains

added sugars

Foods that tend to be high in calories and low in essential nutrients and fiber, such as white sugar, brown sugar, high-
fructose corn syrup, and other sweeteners added to most processed foods

fiber

a type of carbohydrate that your body cannot digest or absorb. Unlike sugars and starches, which are broken down into glucose, fiber passes through the digestive system mostly intact.

dietary fiber

the nondigestible part of plant foods that your body cannot break down or absorb. It comes from the cell walls of plants and passes through your digestive system largely intact.

Soluble (viscous) fiber

type of dietary fiber that dissolves in water to form a thick, gel-like substance in your digestive tract.

insoluble fiber

a type of dietary fiber that does not dissolve in water. It adds bulk to your stool and helps food move through your digestive system, which prevents constipation and promotes regular bowel movements.

Vitamins

organic (carbon-containing) substances
required in small amounts to regulate various processes in cells.  They help chemical reactions take place, release energy, produce red blood cells, maintain nervous, skeletal, and immune systems, and act as antioxidants

Vitamin A

a fat-soluble vitamin that is essential for vision, immune function, reproduction, and cell growth.

Vitamin D

a fat-soluble vitamin that helps the body absorb calcium and phosphorus, which are essential for strong bones and teeth. It also plays important roles in immune function, muscle health, and inflammation control.

Vitamin B1

also known as thiamin (or thiamine), is a water-soluble vitamin that helps your body convert food into energy and plays a key role in nerve, muscle, and heart function.

Vitamin B6

also known as pyridoxine, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a vital role in metabolism, brain health, and immune function.

Vitamin B12

also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin that’s essential for nerve function, red blood cell formation, and DNA synthesis.

Vitamin C

also called ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin that acts as an antioxidant, supports immune function, aids in wound healing, absorbs iron, and helps make collagen 

antioxidant

a substance that helps protect your cells from damage caused by harmful molecules called free radicals.

free radicals

unstable molecules in your body that can damage cells.

minerals

help to regulate body functions and release energy, aid in growth, and maintain body tissues.

phytochemical

substances found in plant foods that may help prevent chronic disease

physical fitness

the body’s ability to respond or adapt
to the demands and stress of physical effort

cardiorespiratory endurance

the ability of your heart, lungs, and blood vessels to supply oxygen to your muscles during sustained physical activity.

Ex: jogging, cycling, or swimming

muscular strength

the force a muscle can produce
with a single maximum effort

muscular endurance

the ability to resist fatigue and
sustain a given level of muscle tension

flexibility

the ability of joints to move through their
full range of motion

body composition

the proportion of fat and fat-free
mass (muscle, bone, and water) in the body

skill-related fitness

the ability to perform a particular
sport or activity with Speed, Power, Agility, Balance and coordination

physical activity

any body movement carried out by
the skeletal muscles requiring energy

exercise

a subset of planned, structured, repetitive body movement to improve or maintain physical fitness

150

At least ____ minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity,

75

___ minutes a week of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity

specificity

perform exercises designed explicitly for each fitness component

progressive overload

placing increasing amounts of stress on the body causes adaptations that improve fitness: FITT: frequency, intensity, time, and type

reversibility

Fitness improvements are lost when demands on the body are
lowered

cardiovascular disease

refers to the development of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels. EX: Heart disease, heart attack, angina, stroke, blood vessel diseases, arrhythmias

Angina

chest pain or discomfort that occurs when the heart muscle doesn’t get enough oxygen-rich blood. It’s usually a symptom of coronary artery disease. Reduced blood flow (oxygen supply) to the heart muscle

Heart attack

occurs when blood flow to a part of the heart muscle is completely blocked, usually by a blood clot forming in a coronary artery. This causes part of the heart muscle to be damaged or die due to lack of oxygen.

heart failure

a condition in which the heart is unable to pump blood effectively to meet the body’s needs for oxygen and nutrients.

cardiovascular system (CVS)

consists of the heart and
blood vessels—both arteries and veins. Transports blood through the body

Heart

Four-chambered, fist-sized muscle:
• Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood to the rest of the body

pulmonary circulation

Right side of the heart pumps
blood to the lungs

Systemic circulation

Left side of the heart pumps
blood through the rest of the body.

systole

heart’s contraction

diastole

period of relaxation

blood pressure

force exerted by the blood on the walls
of blood vessels

veins

carry blood to the heart:
• Thin walls

Arteries

carry blood away from the heart:
• Thick elastic walls that expand and relax with the volume
of blood.

capillaries

Smallest arteries

coronary arteries

the two large vessels, right and left, that
supply blood to the heart.

Atherosclerosis

a condition in which the arteries become narrowed and hardened due to a buildup of plaque, which is made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances in the blood.

Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

a test that records the electrical activity of the heart.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

a medical imaging technique that uses strong magnets and radio waves to create detailed pictures of the inside of the body

angiogram

a medical imaging test that looks at blood vessels to check for blockages or abnormalities.

Balloon angioplasty

a medical procedure used to open narrowed or blocked blood vessels, usually in the heart (coronary arteries).

stent

a small, mesh-like tube that is inserted into a narrowed or blocked artery to keep it open and allow normal blood flow.

Coronary bypass surgery

a surgical procedure used to improve blood flow to the heart when one or more coronary arteries are blocked or narrowed.

stroke

blood supply to the brain is cut off, and brain tissue subsequently dies

Aorta

the large artery that receives blood from the left ventricle and distributes it to the rest of the body

plaques

accumulate in artery walls

Atria

The two upper chambers of the heart, in which blood collects before passing to the lower chamber

superior and inferior vena cava

The two large veins through which oxygen-poor blood travels into the right atrium

Superior and right atrium

The ________ and inferior vena cava carry oxygen-poor blood into the ________ of the heart.

Hypertension

also known as high blood pressure, is a condition in which the force of your blood pushing against the walls of your arteries is consistently too high

2 hours

Most deaths from heart attacks occur within ________ hours of the onset of symptoms.

regular exercise

Effects of this:

Improve heart efficiency, Lower blood pressure and cholesterol, Control weight and blood sugar, Decrease stress, anxiety, and risk of CVD, diabetes, stroke, Alzheimer’s