CECS 326

Operating System

What do you call a program that acts as an intermediary between a computer and the computer hardware?

Execute

Solving

Operating System goal 1:

_______________ user programs and make _____________ user problems easier.

Convenient

Operating System Goal 2:

Make the computer system ______________ to use.

Hardware

Efficient

Operating System Goal 3:

Use the computer ___________ in a(n) _____________ manner.

Execute Programs

Convenient Use

Use Hardware Efficiently

What are the 3 goals of the operating system?

Hardware

Operating System

Applications

Users

Computer Systems are composed of what 4 components?

Hardware

What component of a computer provides basic computer resources, like the CPU, Memory, and I/O Devices?

Operating System

What component of a computer controls and coordinates the use of hardware among various applications?

Application(s)

What component of a computer defines the ways in which the system resources are used to solve the computer problems of the users?

(i.e. Word Processors, Compilers, Web Browsers, Database Systems, Video Games)

User(s)

(NOTE THAT IT'S NOT JUST PEOPLE)

What component of a computer consists of people, machines, and other computers?

False

(Indirectly Use Hardware via Programs)

T/F: Users directly use the hardware.

Application(s)

At their simplest level, ____________(s) are just sequences of instructions executed one after another to solve a particular problem.

Linker(s)

What do you call a program that combines the object program with other programs in the library, used in the program to create the executable code?

Hard (/ Auxiliary) Drive

Where are Linkers stored?

Directory

What do Linkers require to point out what things they need to link?

Bootstrap

What kind of program is loaded up at power-up or reboot?

ROM

EPROM

(AKA "Firmware")

Bootstrap programs are typically stored in _______ or ______________.

Bootstrap

What kind of program initializes all aspects of a system, including CPU Registers, Device Controllers, and Memory Contents?

Operating System Kernel

What does a Boostrap Program loads to start execution?

Interrupt(s)

Once a system has been fully booted, it can start providing services in response to events signaled by ______________(s) to the CPU from hardware or software.

CPU

Where are all operations performed by working with the memory?

Volatile

Memory is ______________, so when a computer powers down, information is gone.

(Even the OS)

Processor(s)

Controllers are technically also ____________(s), as they also perform operations.

Highly Specialized

Only Perform when Told to by CPU

What 2 ways are Controllers different from the CPU?

I/O Device(s)

CPU

______________ and _____________ can execute concurrently.

Device

Each device controller is in charge of a particular ____________ type.

buffer

Each device controller has a local _________.

CPU

Main Memory

Local Buffers

_______ moves data from/to ___________ _____________ to/from __________ ___________

I/O

Local Buffer

_______________ is from the device to ____________ _________ of controller.

Device Controller

Interrupt

____________ _____________ informs CPU that is has finished its operation by causing an ______________

interrupt(ed)

When a CPU is _____________(ed), it stops what it is doing and immediately transfers execution to an interrupt service routine through the interrupt vector.

interrupt service routine

When a CPU is interrupted, it stops what it is doing and immediately transfers execution to a(n) _____________ _______________ __________.

Address(es of all service routines)

The Interrupt Vector contains what?

Interrupt Vector

What contains the addresses of all the service routines?

Interrupt Architecture

_____________ _____________ must save the address of the interrupted instruction so that interrupted computation can resume upon completion of the interrupt service routine.

Interrupted Instruction

Interrupt Architecture must save the address of the _____________ __________________ so that interrupted computation can resume upon completion of the interrupt service routine.

Interrupt Service Routine

Interrupt Architecture must save the address of the interrupted instruction so that interrupted computation can resume upon completion of the _______________ __________________ _______________.

Trap

(Exception)

_____________ is a software-generated interrupt caused by either an error or a user request.

Error

User Request

Traps / Exceptions are software-generated interrupts caused by either a(n) ______________ or a(n) ______________ ____________.

interrupt

Operating Systems are ____________-driven.

OS

________ preserves the state of the CPU by storing registers and program counter.

Register(s)

Program Counter

OS preserves state of CPu by storing _____________(s) and _______________ _______________.

OS

______ determines which type of interrupt has occurred through polling of a vectored interrupt system.

Vectored Interrupt System

OS determines which type of interrupt has occurred through polling of a(n) ______________ ____________ _____________.

interrupt(s)

The OS has a different code-performed action defined for different types of __________________(s).

Hardware

what kind of Interrupt do you have when it is sent from the Hardware Controller?

Software

(Trap)

What kind of interrupt occurs due to program execution?

Kernel

Which mode of interrupt handling ensures the entire instruction set can be executed?

User

Which Interrupt handling mode allows a limited, but still large, instruction set to be executed?

instruction(s)

CPU

The Instruction Execution Cycle has to do with fetching ______________(s) from the memory and passing them to the ______.

Delay Time

Every time an instruction or data element has to be accessed from the RAM, you will always need to suffer from ____________________ _________________.

Access

Any saving on __________ time makes an overall system perform better.

Cache

which memory has a limited size, but much higher speed?

Main

Cache

In order to make use of Cache Memory, every time something is fetched from the _____________ memory, an update also occurs on the ____________.

Iterative

The effects of working with the cache are ___________; they only get faster when accessed more than once.

RAM

CPU

Between the _____ and the ______ is where all the traffic in the computer hardware occurs.

I/O Request

Device Controller

Every time a process makes an ______________ ___________, then the I/O operation has to be done in the I/O Devices, under the control of their respective __________ _____________.

Memory

Device Controllers only do stuff under request from the _____________-.

interrupt

When device controllers finish their jobs, they tell the CPU they're done, causing the CPU to drop what they're doing and respond to the incoming ___________ signal to transfer the data to the memory.

large

Small amounts of data alone can be left to the CPU, but if the data you're trying to input is __________, then the load on the CPU will be costly.

Device Controller

RAM

Once the CPU has initiated a transfer operation, then all subsequent transfer of the entire block can be done directly between the ______________ ______- and the ___________ without further involvement.

Less

The Higher the speed of a memory level, the ______ one would be able to afford to install it on that system.

Register(s)

___________(s) are on the highest level of memory organization, so they have the highest speed.

Program(s)

______________(s) deal with larger amounts of data and are thus stored in the RAM and retrieved as needed.

Register(s)

When writing assembly-level programs, we use __________________(s) explicitly with assembly language.

Hardware

the only thing that manages the cache memory is the _____________ itself by determining how the RAM is shared among the processes.

RAM

Process(es)

Hardware manages the cache memory by determining how the _________ is shared among the _______________(es).

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