Vet Tech final

What is Blood made up of

Cells and Plasma

What is Hematopoiesis

Process by which blood cells are formed

What does a Hemogram determine

• complete blood count

• total protein

• fibrinogen

What is Fibrinogen

An inflammatory protein

What type of blood cells are eryhtrocytes

a Red blood cell

What is the function of Erthrotcytes

They deliver oxygen and haul off waste CO2 (capillary blood flow)

Where are Eryhrocytes made

in the bone marrow

What is Anemia caused by

Haemonchus contortus

How do Neutrophils kill bacteria

with cytoplasmic granules fusing with the phagosome and discharge lethal components (oxidative burst)

How do Neutrophils move

They move by chemical gradient - chemotaxis

What is the first defender of the Immune system

Neutrophils

What is an accumulation of neutrophils

Suppurative exudate or pus

What is a Band?

immature neutrophils and they occur when the body experiences inflammatory signals - left shift

How do Eosinophils kill bacteria

Exocytosing granules ( NOT INGESTION) that enter tissue

What WBC increases in response to allergic reactions and parsites

Eosinophil

What type of granules do eosinophils have

Red/pink granules

How do Basophils kill bacteria

their granules contain histamine that dilates blood vessels and heparin that prevents blood clotting

What WBC is typically low in animals

Basophils

What color do Basophils stain

Blue/purple

What cell is considered a phagocyte

Monocyte

How do Monocyte kill bacteria

secrete molecules that lead to feelings of illness

What do monocytes do to the body

amp up the immune response and kill red blood cells

What happens to monocytes after they leave circulation

they leave circulation hit the tissue and become macrophages

Where are macrophages found

Lungs

liver

peritoneal cavity

synovium

connective tissue

Are lymphocytes Granulocytes

No

What WBC is apart of adaptive immunity

lymphocytes

How do Lymphocytes work

Recognize antigens: cell mediated and antibody mediated response

they have specific subsets that attack certain antigen classes: T/B cells

AntiBody

Protection protein produced in response to disease causing organism or vaccine

Antigen

Stimulates immune system and causes antigen production

Adjuvant

Immunological agent that enhances immune response to vaccine

Killed/Inactive Vaccine

killed version of the antigen that provides immunity weaker than live vax and cant cause disease

Example of Killed/inactive vaccine

Ex Rabies

Recombinant vaccine

Identify key antigens,removing and splicing to create. a canary pox and are adjuvant free that helps with chronic inflammation

Example of Recombinant vaccines

Purevaxx vaccines

Modified Live vaccine

Weakened form of the antigen with a strong lasting immune response that can cause mild disease

Example of Modified live vaccines

DAPP,DHPP,FVRCP

Toxoid vaccine

Use of a toxin made by a germ and creates immunity to parts of the germ that targets the toxin instead of the whole germ

Example of Toxoid vaccine

Rattlesnake

Vaccination routes

SQ,IN,ORAL

What vaccines are injected at the Left Front

Lepto

What vaccines are injected at the Right Front

K9: DHPP/DHLPP

Fel: FVRCP

What vaccines are injected at the Left Rear

K9: Rattlesnake

Fel: Leukimia

What vaccines are injected at the Right Rear

Rabies

How is canine parvovirus transmitted

Directly: dog to dog with contaminated feces

Indirect: with the environment

Clinical Signs of canine parvovirus

• no appetite

• enteritis

• vomiting

• shock

• bloody diarrhea

treatment of canine parvovirus

• supportive care

• fluid

• GI antibiotics

How is Feline Panleukopenia

Aerosolized secretions and feces

Feline Panleukopenia clinical signs

• death

• fever

• depression

• diarrhea

• vomiting

• anorexia

Feline Panleukopenia treatment

supportive care

What does Rabies target

the central nervous system

How is rabies transmitted

saliva via bite wound

Rabies clinical signs

• atypical behavior

• twitching

• salivation

• paralysis at hind limbs then spreads

Furious Rabies clinical signs

• aggression

• extreme restlessness

Paralytic Rabies clinical signs

• withdrawn

• seeking treatment

Dewormers: Pyrantel Pamoate

roundworms

Dewormers: Fenbendazole

Broad spec

Dewormers: Praziquantel

tapeworms

Dewormers: Ivermectin

Heart worm

Severe Vaccination reactions

• facial swelling

• vomiting

• diarrhea

• hives

• itching

Mild Vaccination reactions

• slightly sluggish

• not normal

• fever

• little appetite

What should we do with animals with a history of vaccine reactions

• pretreated with Benadryl ± NSAID

• Iv catheter

• Monitoring

MOA of Amionglycosides

Bind irreversibly to bacterial 30S ribosome unit to block protein synthesis

What do Aminoglycosides kill

both gram ± bacteria

What type of ban do aminoglycosides have

a voluntary ban

MOA of tetracyclines

Bind to and inhibit action of bacterial 30S ribosome subunit

Adverse effects of tetracyclines

• ototoxicity

• photosensitization

What class of drug is bacterstatic

Tetracyclines

What class of drug is bactersidal

Fluoroquinolones

MOA of Fluoroquinolones

DNA gyrase inhibitors that prevents supercoiling

• telomerase and causes degradation of bacterial dna

Antimicrobials

fight bacterial infection+ broad spec

Antimicrobial: penicillins MOA

bacterial cell wall synthesis

Beta-lactasm

breakdown of the beta ring making drug ineffective

Antimicrobials: Cephalosporins

beta-lactams with a broader spectrum and no withdrawl period

What happens when you combine aminoglycosides and beta-lactams

this can enhance the effect where the betalactam creates spores in the cell wall and AG enter and target the ribosome

Chloramphenicol is also known as

Florenicol

Chloramphenicol MOA

target 50S ribosome subunit

adverse effects of Chloramphenicol

• bone marrow suppression

• anemia

Most common tranquilizers

• acepromazine

• butorphanol

• alpha-2agonists

• diazepam

Two types of Anesthetics

Local: lidocaine

General

• Intravenous: barbiturates, propofol

• Inhalation: halothane, isoflurane

Analgesics are useful when

• post operation

• chronic pain

• emergency situations

• during operations

NSAID stands for

Non sterodial Anti inflammatory Drug

Ultrasound

Waves that have a higher frequency than humans can hear that make images

What is the Transducer- US

the probe of the ultrasound machine that have crystals that emit high frequency waves and receives back

What is the monitor - US

transcribes differences between waves and displays image

In ultra sound what is seen in the thoracic cavity

• pleural space

• pleural lining

• heart

What is in the abdominal cavity

• peritoneal space

• liver

• uterus

• spleen

• git

What solid structures can be seen in ultrasound

• tendons

• ligaments

• tumors

• masses

What are the crystals in the probe called

Piezoelectric crystals

• made of quartz and vibrate in response to incomming electricity

What can be found in enterocolitis through ultrasound

• gastric enlargement

• thick SI walls

• increased diameter

What is inside the X-ray machine

• anode

• cathode

• collimator

what does the collimator do

directs and narrows the beam

What is focused into the beam directed onto an xray film

photons

KVPs

Kilovolt potentials

• energy

mRAs

Milliam Perseconds

• number of electrons → density

ALARA stands for

As low as reasonably possible

What determines ALARA

time, distance, shielding

Gram ± : Streptococcus Bacteria

Gram positive

Gram ± : Klebsiella pneumonia

Gram negative

Gram ± : Listeria

Gram positive

What causes pigeon heart

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis