BIOL 1030 Hawthorne Exam 2

What are plants evolved from?

Charophyta, a green algae

What are characteristics of plants?

multicellular, photoautotrophic, heteromorphic sporic meiosis, terrestrial or secondarily aquatic, cell walls made of cellulose, movement by growth only, and the embryo is protected by gametophyte tissue (embryophyta)

What are the 4 major plant groups?

nonvascular, seedless vascular, gymnopsperms, and angiosperms

What are nonvascular plants also known as?

bryophyta

Nonvascular plant characteristics

3 extant phyla, gametophyte dominant, water is required for sperm dispersal, usually in moist habitats, and small plants

What are the 3 nonvascular plant phyla?

hepatophyta (liverworts), bryophyta (true mosses), and anthocerophyta (hornworts)

What are the characteristics of Anthocerophyta?

simple, charophyte- like thalus, horn-like sporophyte, dehiscent (bursts open), and photosynthetic sporophyte

What are characteristics of Hepatophyta?

dichotomously branching thallus, gemma cup, umbrella shaped antheridiophore (male), palm tree shaped archegoniophore (female), has a foot for absorbing nutrients, a capsule/ sporangium that makes spores via meiosis, and has elaters on spores which anchor them to the ground

Bryophyta (true moss) characteristics

haploid meiospore, grows into protonema with leafy shoots and rhizoids, splash cup, meiosis in capsule, calyptra/ operculum prevents spores from drying out, peristome, hygroscopic dispersal

What is the peristome

ring of interlocking tooth-like structures

What is hygroscopic dispersal

“teeth” open in dry conditions and close when moist, facilitates gradual dispersion over long distances

What is the significance of vascular tissue?

Allows for larger/taller plants in dryer habitats, better access to light for photosynthesis

Seedless vascular plants characteristics

Sporophyte dominant, gametophytes variable, often hidden (can be photosynthetic or not, above or below ground, attached or unattached, etc)

Xylem

conducts water and minerals, dead, lignefied cells, provides stem strength for height

Phloem

distributes sugars, amino acids, and organic products, is alive

dermal tissue system

outer covering layer, like skin

ground tissue system

fills space between DTS and VTS

Microphyll

small, unbranched vascular

apical meristems

root and shoot, primary growth, increase in height

lateral meristems

Secondary height, increase in girth

heterospory

microspores (male) and megaspores (female), all seeded plants and some seedless vascular plants

Monilophyta

Seedless vascular plant super phylum, pteridophyta, equisetophyta, psilophyta

Psilophyta

Whisk ferns, lack true leaves and roots, dichotomously branching stems, sporangia born on stem (homospora

Equisetophyta

horsetails, living fossil, one extant genus, pot scrubbers, hollow ribbed stem, toughened with silica and whorls of microphylls at nodes, strobili with sporangiophores, homosporus, elaters function in spore dispersal (hydroscopic)

Pteridophyta

Ferns, usually pinntely compound- rachis( center stalk) and pinnae (single leaflets), circinate vernation (frond fiddlehead to developed frond), rhizome and aventitious roots grow outside the soil

Lycophyta

club mosses, ground pine, ressurection plant, quillwort, microphylls, strobilus

B-seed coat, E- cotelydons, A- Radicle, C- Epicotyl, D- hypocotyl

Characteristics of gymnosperms

4 extant phyla, vascular tissue, dominant sporophyte generation, larger plants,heterospory

Gymnosperm phyla

Gnetophyta, ginkgophyta, cycadophyta, coniferophyta

Gnetophyta

Dioecious (male and female plants), 3 extant genera- gnetum, welwitskhia, and ephedra

ginkgophyta

monotypic, deciduous, dichotomous venation (forked y pattern), bilobed leaves, dwarf branches have leaves, dioecious, smelly, fleshy seed coat

Cycodophyta

cycads (short and palm like), dioecious, microsporangiate strobilus, megasporangius strobilus, herbiverous beetles feed on pollen cones

Coniferaphyta

pines, fir, spruce, hemlock, redwood, sequioia, juniper, cedar, etc (large evergreens)

Coniferophyta life cycle

monoecious (male and female on one plant)

integument

protection, becomes seed coat

micropyle

small opening for pollen grain

angiosperms

basal angiosperms (magnolias, etc, paraphyletic), monocots, eudicots

Angiosperms phylum

magnoliophyta

Whorls of a flower

Calyx (sepals), corolla (petals), calyx and corolla (perianth), androcium (stamens), gynocium (carpals)

Perfect flower

has male and female parts

complete flower

has all four whorls

Incomplete flower

lost a whorl

monaceous

male and female whorls on one plant

dioecious

male and female on separate plants

connation

fusion within a whorl

adnation

fusion between whorls

inflorescence

an arrangement of flowers on a branch/stem

Monocots

one cotyledon, parallel veins in leaf, scattered vascular tissue, no main root, pollen grain with one opening, floral organs in multiples of 3

Eudicots

2 cotyledons, veins netlike, ring of vascular tissue, taproot, 3 openings in pollen grain, floral organs in multiples of 4 or 5

What is a fruit

container for seeds, develops from ovary wall, can be dry or fleshy

Accessory fruit

developed from more than just the ovary

multiple fruit

multiple flowers, one fruit

aggregate fruit

each achene is a separate carpal from a single flower

berry

all or most of pericarp is fleshy

pepo

a berry with a hard, thick rind

hesperidium

a berry with a leathery rind

drupe

fleshy with a stony endocarp

pome

ovary surrounded by fleshy hypanthium

Dehiscent

many seeded

legume

2 sutures

capsule

more than one carpal and more than two sutures

follicle

one carpal and one suture

samara

winged

nut

hard shell

achene

attaches at a single point

caryopsis

endocarp fused to seed (grain)