General Biology Study Guide 4

Binary Fission

the division of cells in prokaryotes

the chromosome replicates and the two daughter chromosomes actively move apart

Step 1 of binary fission

chromosome replication

Step 2 of binary fission

Two copies of origin are formed

Step 3 of binary fission

One copy of the origin is now at each end of the cell

Step 4 of binary fission

Replication finishes

Step 5 of binary fission

Two daughter cells result

Asexual reproduction

produces offspring genetically identical to the parent

Only one individual makes a genetic contribution to the offspring

Sexual reproduction

involve the alternation of haploid and diploid stages

Chromatin

a complex of DNA and protein that condenses during cell division

Histones

A protein that provides structural support to a chromosome

Nucleosomes

A structure in your chromosomes, or bundled DNA; "Bead" that DNA is wound around that is made out of histone proteins

Charges associated with histones

positive charge

Charges associated with DNA

negative charge

Structures of Eukaryotic chromosome

histones

sister chromatids

non-sister chromatids

centromeres

P-arm

Q-arm

Karyotyping

Shows the complete diploid set of chromosomes

They are lined up together in pairs and arranged from largest to smallest

Homologues

contain the same gene loci but may have different alleles of a particular gene

Sister chromatid

identical copies of each other produced during DNA replication; chromatids that are attached to the same centromere

Eukaryotic cell cycle

a repeating sequence og growth, DNA replication, and cell division

Phases of the Eukaryotic cell cycle

Interphase (G1, S, G2)

Mitosis

Interphase

the longest phase

cells receive signal to divide

Phases 1 of the Eukaryotic cell cycle (Interphase)

G₁

Phases 2 of the Eukaryotic cell cycle (Interphase)

S

Phases 3 of the Eukaryotic cell cycle (Interphase)

G₂

Phases 4 of the Eukaryotic cell cycle (Interphase)

M

Secret Phases of the Eukaryotic cell cycle (Interphase)

G₀

G₁

the cell grows by producing proteins and organelles; Cell growth and increase in energy production; Gap 1

S

DNA replication; synthesis

2n → 4n

G₂

Cell growth and preparation for division; check for errors; Gap 2

M

Cell growth stops and the cell divides; mitosis

G₀

A cell's nondividing stage; cells go here to be repaired or die

cytokinesis in plants takes place by

by the cell plate method

cytokinesis in animals takes place by

by cell cleavage

Germ-line Cells

cells that produce the eggs (ova) in females and sperm in males

Germ-line cells goes through

meiosis to produce sex cells

Somatic Cells

cells of the body

Somatic cells goes through

Mitosis to produce sex cells

Meiosis I

Meiosis II

Phases of Meiosis I

Interphase

Prophase I

Metaphase I

Anaphase I

Telophase I

Cytokinesis I

1st Phase of Meiosis I

Interphase

2nd Phase of Meiosis I

Prophase I

3rd Phase of Meiosis I

Metaphase I

4th Phase of Meiosis I

Anaphase I

5th Phase of Meiosis I

Telophase I

6th Phase of Meiosis I

Cytokinesis I

Phases of Meiosis II

Prophase II

Metaphase II

Anaphase II

Telophase II

Cytokinesis II

1st Phase of Meiosis II

Prophase II

2nd Phase of Meiosis II

Metaphase II

3rd Phase of Meiosis II

Anaphase II

4th Phase of Meiosis II

Telophase II

5th Phase of Meiosis II

Cytokinesis II

Genetic Recombination

exchange of genes between two DNA molecules to form new combinations of genes on a chromosome

Chromosomes that take part in recombination

non-sister chromatids

homologous chromosomes

Meiosis

2 rounds of cell division in eukaryotes; parent cell forms 4 daughter cells; germline

Mitosis

1 round of cell division in eukaryotes; 1 parent cell produces 2 daughter cells; somatic

Phases of Mitosis

Interphase

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Cytokinesis

1st phase of Mitosis

Interphase

2nd phase of Mitosis

Prophase

3rd phase of Mitosis

Metaphase

4th phase of Mitosis

Anaphase

5th phase of Mitosis

Telophase

6th phase of Mitosis

Cytokinesis

Number of eggs are produced from one germline cell

1

Number of sperm cells are produced from each germline cell

4

Polar Body

Non-Disjunction

examples of an autosome syndrome that results in an extra chromosome

syndromes associated with non-disjunction in the sex cells

Haploid cell

half the number of chromosomes; Gametes have only 1 set of chromosomes

Diploid cell

Somatic cells of adults have 2 sets of chromosomes

Cleavage furrow

Cell plate

Septum

Contact inhibition

the mechanism which controls the cell growth