ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Position, planes and body systems

ANATOMICAL POSITIONS AND DIRECTIONAL TERMS

1. standing upright 2. head and eyes ahead 3. upper limbs at side and away from trunk 4. palms forward with thumb farthest from torso 5. feet flat together facing forward

Anatomical Position

consistent universal way of studying anatomy

Midline

divides the body into left and right sections

Medial

towards the center or midline

Lateral

outwards; away from the midline

Medial e.g.

nose, heart, torso

Lateral e.g.

eyes, lungs, arms, lat muscles

Superior

towards the skull

Inferior

towards the floor

Superior e.g.

head, eyes, heart

Inferior e.g.

legs, nose, liver

Anterior/ Ventral

front of the body; abdomen, stomach

Posterior/ Dorsal

back of the body; fin of fish

Anterior e.g.

frontal lobe, patella/ kneecaps

Posterior e.g.

occipital lobe, elbow/ olecranon

Proximal

close to the point of origin; in proximity; DEPENDS OF POINR OF ORIGIN

Distal

away from origin; distant; DEPENDS OF POINR OF ORIGIN

Proximal e.g.

1. wrist-hand 2. elbow-wrist 3. shoulder-elbow

Distal e.g.

1. elbow-shoulder 2. wrist-elbow 3. hand-wrist

Superificial

towards the outtermost surface of skin

Deep

away from surface; into body

Superficial e.g.

1. skin-ribs 2. ribs-lungs

Deep e.g.

1. lungs-ribs 2. ribs-skin

Unilateral

points found in one side of the body

Bilateral

points found on two sides of the body

Ipsilateral

same side of the body; same

Contralateral

opposite sides of the body; opposite

Body Planes

imaginary lines across the body dividing it into sections

Body Sections (SCT)

portion of the body created by cuts of plane

Sagittal Plane

vertical line dividing it into left and right side; side view

Midsagittal Plane

plane within midline; middle

Parasagittal Plane

off center from the midline; along, nearby

Coronal / Front Plane

vertical line dividing body into front and back section; front view

Transverse/ Axial/ Horizontal Plane

horizontal line/ x axis dividing body to upper and lower sections

Longitudinal Plane

any plane perpendicular to transverse plane (e.g. coronal and sagittal plane)

Oblique Plane

odd plane; not horizontal or vertical cut

Positional Terms

provide a universal language used to describe the precise locations and relative positions of body

Supine

lying on the back; sky

Prone

lying on your face

BODY CAVITIES

keeps organs into their own compartments

Dorsal Body Cavity

houses the CNS

Cranial Cavity (DBC)

houses the brain

Vertebral Cavity (DBC)

houses the spinal cord

Ventral Body Cavity

in front of the body; contains viscera/ guts

Thoracic Cavity (VBC)

superior to the abdominopelvic cavity; has three subdivision

Mediastinum (TC)

contains heart, lungs, trachea, thymus gland, and esophagus; surrounded by pericardial cavity (aroudn heart)

Left Pleural Cavity (TC)

left lung

Right Pleural Cavity (TC)

right lung

Abdominopelvic Cavity

separated by diaphragm; has two subdivisions

Abdominal Cavity

liver, stomach, pancreas, spleen, gallbladder, intestines and kidneys

Pelvic Cavity

bladder, reproductive organs, large intestine (sigmoid colon and rectum)

Peritoneum

serous membrane found in abdominopelvic cavity

Peritoneal Cavity

surrounds peritoneum

Minor Cavities

Oral= mouth, orbital= eyes, nasal/ sinus= nose, middle ear, synovial= joints

Body Membranes

thin sheets of tissues that cover organs

Dorsal Membranes/ meninges

dura mater, pia mater, arachnoid

Meningitis

inflammation of meninges; stiff neck

Ventral membranes/ serous membranes

filled with watery serous fluid that lubes organs

Pleura (SM)

lines pleural cavity; lungs, thoracic cavity

Pericardium (SM)

lines pericardial cavity; covers mediastinum

Peritoneum (SM)

lines peritoneal cavity and abdominopelvic cavity organs

Parietal lining of membrane

parietal= wall; lines cavity wall

Visceral lining of membrane

viscera= organs; membrane touches organ

-eum= lining

cavity- fluid filled space within the lining

Retroperitoneal

behind peritoneal space; back

Intraperitoneal

within peritoneal space; within

Subperitoneal

below peritoneal space; below/ under

SKELETAL SYSTEM

skull, spine, upper limb, thorax, pelvis, and lower leg

Cranial bones

surround the brain

Frontal bone

in front

Parietal bone

at the top

Occipital bone

back of the skull

Temporal bone

beside the ear

Sphenoid bone

anterior/ in front of temporal bone

Ethmoid bone

closer to midline, posterior to nose and inferior to frontal bone

Facial bones

form strcuture of face

Nasal bone (FB)

creates nose bridge

Maxilla (FB)

connects nose, cheekbone and upper teeth

Zygomatic bones (FB)

forms cheekbones

Mandible (FB)

forms jaw; connects to temporal and temporomandibular joint

Spine

7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx (C1/ atlas, C2/ axis, C3, C4, C5, C6,C7→ T1-T12→L1-L5→ sacrum, coccyx)

Upper limb

all attached to sternum

Clavicle

collarbone

Scapula

shoulder blade

Humerus

upper arm

Glenoid fossa

glenohumeral joint is formed once met with humerus

Elbow joint

found are radius (away) and ulna (closer to torso)

Wrist

connects radius and ulna to carpal bones

Metacarpal bones

first metacarpal is thumb→ base of little finger

Phalanges

tip of metacarpal bones; proximal phalanx, middle phalanx, distal phalanx; thumb only has distal and proximal phalanx

Joint in between parts

Distal interphalangeal joint, proximal interphalngeal joint, metacarpophalngeal joint and carpometacarpal joint

Thorax

clavicle, manubrium, xiphoid process, ribs and costal cartilage

Clavicle

attached to sternum through the sternoclavicular joint

Manubrium

top of sternum; attaches to the body of the sternal angle

Xiphoid Process

small bone at the end of sternum

12 Ribs

one for each thoracic vertebrae; 1-12

Costal Cartilage

connects ribs to sternum

Floating Ribs

11th and 12 ribs are not connected to sternum or costal cartilage

Pelvis

ilium, pubis, ischium and sacrum