Year 1 Conditions of Organic Mechanisms

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10 Terms

1
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Mechanism: Free-Radical Substitution Reaction: Alkane forms Haloalkane

  • Reagent: Halogen

  • Conditions: UV light (Provides energy for initiation).

2
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Mechanism: Electrophilic Addition Reaction: Alkene forms Haloalkane (e.g., Ethene forms Bromoethane)

  • Reagent: Hydrogen halide

  • Conditions: Room temperature

3
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Mechanism: Electrophilic Addition Reaction: Alkene forms Dihaloalkane (e.g., Ethene forms 1,2-Dibromoethane)

  • Reagent: Halogen

  • Conditions: Room temperature. (Often as Br₂, bromine water).

4
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Mechanism: Electrophilic Addition Reaction: Alkene forms Alcohol (e.g., Ethene forms Ethanol)

  • Reagent: Concentrated sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), followed by water (H₂O)

  • Conditions: Two-step:

    1. Cold, concentrated H₂SO₄

    2. Warm with water (hydrolysis)

5
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Mechanism: Electrophilic Addition Reaction: Alkene forms Alcohol (Industrial production of ethanol)

  • Reagent: Steam (H₂O(g))

  • Conditions:

    • Catalyst: Concentrated H₃PO₄

    • Temperature: High temp (e.g., 300 °C)

    • Pressure: High pressure (e.g., 60–70 atm)

6
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Mechanism: Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction: Haloalkane forms Alcohol (e.g., Bromoethane forms Ethanol)

  • Reagent: Sodium hydroxide (or KOH)

  • Conditions:

    • Aqueous (dissolved in water)

    • Heat under reflux

7
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Mechanism: Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction: Haloalkane forms Nitrile (e.g., Bromoethane forms Propanenitrile)

  • Reagent: Potassium cyanide (KCN) or Sodium Cyanide

  • Conditions:

    • Ethanolic (dissolved in ethanol)

    • Heat under reflux

8
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Mechanism: Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction: Haloalkane forms Primary Amine (e.g., Bromoethane forms Ethylamine)

  • Reagent: Excess concentrated Ammonia 

  • Conditions:

    • Ethanolic (dissolved in ethanol)

    • Heat in a sealed tube

9
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Mechanism: Elimination Reaction: Haloalkane forms Alkene (e.g., Bromoethane forms Ethene)

  • Reagent: Sodium hydroxide (or KOH)

  • Conditions:

    • Ethanolic (dissolved in ethanol)

    • Heat under reflux

10
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Mechanism: Elimination (Dehydration) Reaction: Alcohol forms Alkene (e.g., Ethanol forms Ethene)

  • Reagent: Concentrated acid catalyst (e.g., H₂SO₄ or H₃PO

  • Conditions:

    • Heat