Unit 5.4 Selection categories of psychological disorders (part C)

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

a mental and behavioral disorder in which an individual has intrusive thoughts and feels the need to perform certain routines repeatedly to relieve the distress caused by the obsession, to the extent where it impairs general function.

Obsession

Intrusive, unwanted thoughts that repeatedly pop into a person’s mind

Compulsion

Are repetitive behaviors that are done to reduce the anxiety caused by obsessions

Hoarding Disorder

When an individual has difficulty discarding, possessions, regardless of their actual value

Behavioral Factors (For OCD)

Individuals may develop obsessions and compulsive through conditioning

Cognitive Factors (for OCD)

Maladaptive thinking or emotional responses, some maladaptive thoughts can turn into obsessions which can cause compulsions

Biological or genetic Sources (For OCD)

Such as imbalances in neurotransmitters like serotonin, or certain inherited genes, may make an individual more susceptible

Selected Dissociative Disorders

Involve a disconnection or separation from a person’s consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, or preception

Dissociative Amnesia

Involves a person’s inability to recall important personal information, often due to a trauma or severe stressor

Dissociative Fugue

When the individual not only forgets key details about themselves, but also includes unexpected travel away from one’s environment

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

Formally known as multiple personality disorder, this disorder is marked the presence of two or more distinct personality states or identities

Traumatic or highly stressful experiences

Most dissociative disorders are linked to significant trauma, with dissociation serving as a psychological defense

Stress and coping

Ongoing chronic stress such as adverse experiences can make it more likely that a persons mind will develop dissociative responses over time as a way to cope with the traumatic experience

Selected Trauma and stressor-related Disorders

Often originate after experiencing or witnessing a highly disturbing or dangerous event

Hypervigilance

When the individual is always on the lookout for danger

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Individuals often re-experience the traumatic event they witnessed or experienced through flashback or nightmares

Selected Feeding and Eating Disorders

Involves Disturbed eating behaviors, such as restricting food, bingeing, or purging

Anorexia Nervosa

A disorder that is characterized by extreme food restriction an intense fear of gaining weight, and a distorted body image

Bulimia Nervosa

Characterized by a cycle of binge eating generally followed by purging

Biological and genetic factors (for eating disorders)

Imbalances in neurotransmitters such as serotonin, or hormonal imbalances can increase a person’s susceptibility to abnormal eating behaviors

Social and cultural Influences (for eating disorders)

Societal pressures impacting a person’s perception on what is physically appealing

Behavioral and cognitive factors (for eating disorders)

Individuals who restrict their eating or purge after eating might initially feel better about themselves, if they receive positive reinforcement they may continue the unhealthy behavior

Selected Personality Disorders

Starts in late adolescence or early adulthood. Personality disorders involve enduring patterns that remain fixed over time, these patterns often lead to emotional suffering or problems with daily activities

Cluster A (Odd or Eccentric)

Characterized by social awkwardness, suspiciousness, and difficulty relating to others

Cluster B (Dramatic or Erratic)

Characterized by intense emotions, impulsive behaviors, and/or a strong need for attention or admiration

Cluster C (Anxious or fearful)

Characterized by anxiety, fearfulness, and/or behaviors aimed at avoiding perceived harm or rejection.

Paranoid personality disorder

a branch of Cluster A, Causes individual to often believe that others want to farm them or deceive them, causing the individual to distrust other people and remain suspicious of their intent

Schizoid personality disorder

a branch of Cluster A, Characterized by detachment from social relationships and restricted range of emotional expression

Schizotypal personality disorder

a branch of Cluster A, Consists of an individual feeling discomfort in social settings, believing in odd beliefs, and exhibiting odd or eccentric behaviors or speech

Antisocial personality Disorder

a branch of Cluster B, Individuals with this disregard the rights of others

Histrionic Personality Disorder

a branch of Cluster B, consists of excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behavior

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

a branch of Cluster B, Defined by a need for admiration, and lack of empathy for others

Borderline personality disorder

a branch of Cluster B, characterized by instability in relationships, self-image, and emotions

Avoidant personality disorder

a branch of Cluster C, is characterized by social inhabitation, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation

Dependent personality disorder

a branch of Cluster C, consists of an individual experiencing a strong need to be taken care of

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

a branch of Cluster C, Characterized by individuals constantly seeking control over aspects of their life and wanting things to be in a set order

Biological and genetic factors (for personality disorder)

Abnormalities in brain function or neurotransmitter activity which can influence an individual’s behaviors, emotional reactions, and impulse control

Social and cultural factors (for personality disorders)

A history of abuse, neglect, or over critical environment can lead to maladaptive coping styles or self perceptions that evolve into personality disorders

Behavioral and cognitive factors (for personality disorders)

Maladaptive learning, where individuals may learn through reinforcement that certain reactions or emotional expressions will result in certain consequences