Unit 1 MKI flashcards

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29 Terms

1
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The Grand Canal

A major man-made waterway in China (Sui–Tang era) linking the Yellow and Yangtze rivers to move grain and goods; it supported political centralization and internal trade.

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Champa Rice

A fast-ripening, drought-resistant rice from Champa introduced to Song China that enabled double-cropping, higher yields, and population growth.

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Confucianism

A Chinese ethical-political system emphasizing filial piety, hierarchical relationships, ritual, education, and merit-based governance (civil service exams).

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abbasid Caliphate

an Islamic caliphate (Baghdad, 750–1258 CE) that oversaw a cultural and scientific flourishing and facilitated translation and trade across Afro-Eurasia. noted for the golden age of islam

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House of Wisdom

An Abbasid-era center in Baghdad for translation, scholarship, and scientific research where Greek, Persian, and Indian texts were studied and expanded.

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Mamluk Sultanate

A regime of former slave soldiers ruling Egypt and Syria (1250–1517) that defended the region from Mongols/Crusaders and controlled trade routes. emerged from the fragmentation of the Abbasid caliphate

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Seljuk Empire

A Turkic Muslim dynasty (11th–12th c.) that controlled Persia and Anatolia, defended Sunni orthodoxy, and whose victory at Manzikert opened Anatolia to Turkic settlement

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Delhi Sultanate

A series of Muslim dynasties (1206–1526) centered at Delhi that established Islamic rule in northern India and influenced administration, architecture, and cultural exchange

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Monotheism

The belief in a single god (example traditions: Judaism, Christianity, Islam); it shaped universalist religious claims, law, and political theology.

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Sufism

Mystical currents within Islam emphasizing personal union with God, devotional practices (dhikr), Sufi orders (tariqas), and popular religious outreach.

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Bhakti Movement

A South Asian devotional movement (medieval) stressing personal devotion to a deity in vernacular languages, often opposing caste exclusivity and orthodox ritualism.

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Vijayanagara Empire

A major South Indian Hindu kingdom (c.1336–1646) centered at Vijayanagara/Hampi that resisted northern Islamic states and promoted trade, art, and temple architecture.

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Khmer Empire

A Southeast Asian state (c.9th–15th c.) centered at Angkor, noted for monumental temples (Angkor Wat) and extensive hydraulic systems supporting wet-rice agriculture.

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Buddhist Monasticism

Monastic institutions (monasteries/viharas) where monks and nuns lived by the Vinaya, preserved teachings, provided education, and served as economic centers.

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Mahayana & Theravada Buddhism

Two major Buddhist streams: Theravada emphasizes monastic discipline and individual liberation (Southeast Asia); Mahayana emphasizes bodhisattvas and universal salvation (East Asia).

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Mayan City-States

Independent polities in Mesoamerica (Classic Maya, c.250–900 CE) with monumental pyramids, hieroglyphic writing, calendars, and elite ritual-political systems.

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Aztec/Mexica Empire

A central Mexican empire (14th–16th c.) based at Tenochtitlan that ruled by tribute, had complex markets, a stratified society, and ritual human sacrifice.

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Inca An Andean empire

(c.1438–1533) centered on Cusco with state-administered agriculture, terracing, an extensive road system, the mita labor levy, and quipu record-keeping.

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Chaco Canyon & Mesa Verde

Major Ancestral Puebloan centers in the U.S. Southwest (c.900–1300): Chaco for great houses and roads; Mesa Verde for cliff dwellings and communal kivas.

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Cahokia

The largest pre-Columbian city north of Mexico (Mississippian culture, near St. Louis, c.600–1400) known for earthen mounds (Monks Mound) and complex chiefdom organization.

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Human Sacrifice Ritual

killing practiced in various societies (e.g., Aztecs, some Maya, ancient Near East) intended to appease deities, legitimize rulers, or mark rites of passage; meanings vary by culture.

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Great Zimbabwe

A medieval southern African city (c.11th–15th c.) famous for massive stone enclosures and its role in gold trade linking the interior to the Swahili coast and Indian Ocean.

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Hausa Kingdoms

A cluster of city-states in the Sahel/northern Nigeria (Kano, Katsina) involved in trans-Saharan trade, urban craft production, and Islamic scholarship.

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Ethiopia (medieval)

A long-lived Christian highland kingdom (Aksum legacy and Solomonic dynasties) with Red Sea trade links, distinctive Christian practices, and rock-hewn churches (Lalibela).

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Mali

A wealthy West African empire (c.13th–16th c.) controlling gold-salt trade routes, founded by Sundiata Keita, with cultural and scholarly centers like Timbuktu.

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Mansa Musa

14th-century emperor of Mali (r. c.1312–1337) famed for immense wealth and his lavish 1324 Hajj that displayed Mali’s gold and boosted Timbuktu’s prestige.

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Feudalism

A decentralized European medieval system where lords granted land (fiefs) to vassals in exchange for military service and mutual obligations, structuring politics and social rank.

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Manorialism

The agrarian-economic system tied to feudalism: manors where peasants (serfs) worked lord’s land in exchange for protection and access to plots for subsistence.

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The Dark Ages & The Renaissance

“Dark Ages” is an older, now-criticized label for early medieval Europe (5th–10th c.); the Renaissance (14th–17th c.) was a revival of classical learning, arts, and humanism originating in Italy.