1 JH Test Unit 1 & 3

Before the Moorish Muslim invasion, who was Spain controlled by? During what time?

The Christian Visigoths (408 to 711 CE)

Who invaded Spain?

Berber North African moors under Arab leadership

What were the effects of Muslim colonization on Spain?

mass conversion to Islam, monotheistic believers were allowed to practice but they had to pay a tax (jyza)

What is Muslim irrigation led to?

Prosperity and the growth of philosophy and science, making spain a centre of culture in the Arab world

How many Spanish words are from Arabic origin?

4,000

What was the timeline for the Codex Vigilanus?

• 976 CE - the first Arabic numerals in Europe appeared in the codex Vigilanus in the year

• 1202 - Fibonacci, an Italian mathematician who had studied in Algeria, promoted the Arabic numeral system in Europe with his book Liber Abaci.

• 1482 - the system did not come into wide use in Europe, until the invention of printing.

Where was the house of wisdom established?

Baghdad

What were Muslim Advances?

• Medicine

• Mathematics

• Art

• Astronomy

• Geography

• Social Science

• Transportation tech

What were medicine advances?

• Physicians required to pass qualifying examinations

• 34 hospitals were built throughout the empire with separate wards for different diseases

• Arabic medical works translated into olation and influenced european machine until 17th century

What were mathematical advances? And who ignited them?

Al-khawarizmi compelled the oldest known arabic works on arithmetic and algebra which was translated into Latin and used as basis for European texts until 16th century

What was the art advancement?

• Arabesque refers to a floral style which is not geometric but weaves in and out of an illustration (Tessellation)

• Calligraphy-used to decorate mosques, books, carpets, and porcelain (Particularly important in mosques)

What were astronomical advances?

Developed:

• Compass

• Quadrant (measures angles)

• Sextant (determines the altitude of planets, the latitude on earth),

• Astrolabe (locates, predicts positions of planets determines local time and surveying)

What were geographic advances?

• Mapped Europe, Asia, and Africa in great detail

• Al-Idrisi used mathematics and astronomy to create maps

What were social scientific advances? And who ignited them?

• Ibn-Battuta journeyed 75,000 miles in 30 years through all Arab countries, carefully recording his observations

• Ibn-Khaldun was the father of modern historiography and sociology

What were transportation/technological advances? What were they used for?

• Dhow boat with a lateen (triangular-shaped sail) used extensively by Arab and Muslim merchants and slave traders of black Africans

• Camels-Muslims brought the one-humped camel

• North Arabian saddle-introduced to expand trans-Saharan trade

What was it like before living under Muslim rule?

• The arab conquest of Spain (eighth century)

• There has been a Jewish community for hundreds of years, they had been there since the land was part of the Roman empire (They have settled and built communities in South-western Europe)

What language became the "lingua franca"? What was it used for?

Traders and merchants learned Arabic in order to conduct their business

What was taught to children living under Muslim rule?

• Reading and writing

• Torah, Mishnah, Talmud and Hebrew grammar

• Poetry

• Mechanics

• Natural science, medicine

• Astronomy

• Geometry

• Mathematics

• Philosophic studies and observation on religion

What are the similarities between Judaism, Islam, and Christianity?

• Monotheistic religions

• Ancestors of Abraham

What is supersessionism/replacement theology?

Christianity has replaced Judaism. Islam has replaced both Judaism and Christianity (torah - old testament, bible - new testament, Qur'an)

What is the meaning of Islam? What is the basis of Islam? What are the teachings of the Qur'an?

• Islam means submission in Arabic

• The story of Muhammad's life, words, and deeds (hadith) are the basis of Islam

• The teachings of the Quran and of Muhammad's life are fulfilled in the life of a community (the umma - the community)

What is a Semitic language? Give two examples of Semitic languages

Hebrew and Arabic

They are languages in which three letters form the root of most words

Where and when was Muhammad forced to flee?

In 622, Mohammed was forced to flee Mecca (Hijra) and he went to Medina.

What happened to Muhammad once he arrive to Medina? What were Muhammad's claims?

Jews in Medina rejected Mohammed's claims:

• Their perceived inconsistencies in the Biblical stories

• Low moral quality of his teachings

• Removal of many Torah laws

• Jews Rejected his claim as a proper (they argued that prophecy had ended much earlier)

What was Muhammad's reaction to the rejection of the Jews?

• Changed prayer direction for Jerusalem to Mecca

• Moved Sabbath to Friday

• Yom Kippur to Ramadan

• Declared most dietary laws were punishments for Jewish sins

• Expelled Jewish tribes, killed most members of another (beheaded between 600 - 900 men)

What were the influences that Judaism set on Muhammad?

• The Idea of God

• Moshe is mentioned in the Quran over 100 times

• Quotes the Torah over 100 times in the Quran

• Adopted jewish practices to attract the jews - circumcision

• Dietary laws based of Kashrut

• Praying towards Jerusalem

• Fasting on yom kippur

• Five daily prayers

• Adopted Abraham as the founding father of Islam

What is an Umma? What percent of the world is part of it?

An umma is a population and character.

Population:

• Umma is the Islamic community which consists of roughly 1.9 billion members; making up about 24% of the world

• The Quran calls every religious community an Umma since it represents a body under Islamic Law

Character:

• The Umma has shared values, and common concerns, yet do not denote nationality kinship, or ethnicity

Who were the caliphs and their reign?

Abu Bakr - 632-634

Umar ibn al-Khattab - 634-644

What are the five pillars of Islam?

• Shahada: Testifying to G-d's One-ness

• Salat: Prayer

• Zakat: Giving Charity

• Sawm: Fast

• Hajj: Pilgrimage

What was it like for Jews in Islamic Society?

• Jewish people and Christians: people of the book

• Second class status: Dhimmis

Classification of people:

• Believers (muslims)

• Tolerated infidels (Monotheists who are referred as people of the book - Jews and Christians)

• Non-tolerated infidels (Polytheists)

What is the pact of Umar?

• Set of laws for non-muslims (monotheistic believers) to keep them protected

• Safer under circumstances (paying high taxes)

What are some examples of things said in the pact of Umar?

• Not to build their cities in Christian neighbourhoods, near churches, and monks cells, nor should they repair them

• They should not teach the Qur'an to their children

• They should not express their religion

• They should not let people who wish to convert

• They should show respect to the Muslims

• They should not try to resemble the Muslims, such as, their clothing and footwear

• They shouldn't carry guns

• They shouldn't engrave Arabic inscriptions on their seals

• They shouldn't sell alcohol

• They should dress the same, regardless where they are

• They should not show any article of their religion (Crosses, bibles, jewish stars)

• They should not make their homes or churches/shuls larger than Islamic temples

What is the Dhimmi status?

Dhimmi status that the Islamic tradition has used for Jews and Christians, denotes a protected status under Islam.

What was a form of protection given to the Dhimmis? What was it used for?

The jizya tax was used to humble the Dhimmis and treat them like second class citizens.