[3] BP2 Infectious Diseases.pdf

Epidermal barrier

What is the major local defense of the skin?

Epithelial barrier

What is the major local defense of the gastrointestinal tract?

Acidic secretions, peristalsis, bile and pancreatic enzymes, normal intestinal microbiota

What are the local defenses of the gastrointestinal tract, besides the epithelial barrier?

Mucociliary clearance

What is the major local defense of the respiratory tract?

Resident alveolar macrophages

What cells are a local defense of the respiratory tract?

Urination, normal vaginal microbiota, intact epidermal/epithelial barrier

What are the major local defenses of the urogenital tract?

Mechanical defects (punctures, burns, ulcers)

What basis for failure of local defense in the skin allows Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to infect?

Needle sticks

What basis for failure of local defense in the skin allows Human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B and C viruses to infect?

Attachment and local proliferation of microbes

What basis for failure of local defense in the GI tract allows Vibrio cholerae and Giardia duodenalis to infect?

Acid-resistant cysts and eggs

What basis for failure of local defense in the GI tract allows many protozoa and helminths to infect despite acidic secretions?

Broad-spectrum antibiotic use

What basis for failure of local defense in the GI tract allows Clostridioides difficile to infect?

Attachment and local proliferation of microbes

What basis for failure of local defense in the respiratory tract allows Influenza viruses to infect?

Resistance to killing by phagocytes

What basis for failure of local defense in the respiratory tract allows Mycobacterium tuberculosis to infect?

Obstruction, microbial attachment, and local proliferation

What basis for failure of local defense in the urogenital tract allows Escherichia coli to infect?

Antibiotic use

What basis for failure of local defense in the urogenital tract allows Candida albicans and Neisseria gonorrhoeae to infect?

High mutation rate

What mechanism of antigenic variation is used by Human immunodeficiency virus, Severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 2, and Influenza virus?

Genetic reassortment

What mechanism of antigenic variation is used by Influenza virus and Rotavirus?

Genetic rearrangement

What mechanism of antigenic variation is used by Borrelia burgdorferi, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Trypanosoma brucei?

Large diversity of serotypes

What mechanism of antigenic variation is used by Rhinoviruses and Streptococcus pneumoniae?

AIDS

What disease is caused by Human immunodeficiency virus, which utilizes a high mutation rate for antigenic variation?

Influenza

What disease is caused by Influenza virus, which utilizes both high mutation rate and genetic reassortment for antigenic variation?

Gonorrhea

What disease is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which utilizes genetic rearrangement for antigenic variation?

Malaria

What disease is caused by Plasmodium falciparum, which utilizes genetic rearrangement for antigenic variation?

Pneumonia and meningitis

What diseases are caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, which exhibits a large diversity of serotypes for antigenic variation?

Increased vascular permeability, leukocyte infiltration (neutrophils), chemoattractants from bacteria, and formation of pus

What is the pathogenesis of Suppurative (purulent) inflammation?

Mononuclear cell infiltrates (monocytes, macrophages, plasma cells, lymphocytes), cell-mediated immune response to chronic (persistent) pathogens, and formation of granulomas

What is the pathogenesis of Mononuclear and granulomatous inflammation?

Viral transformation of cells, necrosis or proliferation (including multinucleation), and linked to neoplasia

What is the pathogenesis of Cytopathic-cytoproliferative reactions?

Toxin- or lysis-mediated destruction, lack of inflammatory cells, and rapidly progressive processes

What is the pathogenesis of Tissue necrosis?

Repetitive injury leads to fibrosis and loss of normal parenchyma

What is the pathogenesis of Chronic inflammation/scarring?

Severe immune compromise

What is the pathogenesis of No reaction (to infection)?

Pneumonia and Abscesses

What are examples of Suppurative (purulent) inflammation?

Syphilis and Tuberculosis

What are examples of Mononuclear and granulomatous inflammation?

Cervical cancer (human papillomavirus), Chicken pox, shingles, Herpes, and Infectious mononucleosis (Epstein-Barr virus)

What are examples of Cytopathic-cytoproliferative reactions?

Gangrene (Clostridium perfringens) and Fulminant acute hepatitis (hepatitis B virus)

What are examples of Tissue necrosis?

Chronic hepatitis with cirrhosis (hepatitis B and C viruses)

What is an example of Chronic inflammation/scarring?

Mycobacterium avium in untreated AIDS and Mucormycosis in bone marrow transplant patients

What are examples of infections that elicit No reaction due to severe immune compromise?

Antigenic variation

What immune evasion strategy is utilized by infectious microorganisms after bypassing host barriers?

Inactivating antibodies or complement

What immune evasion strategy is utilized by infectious microorganisms?

Resisting phagocytosis (e.g., by producing a capsule)

What immune evasion strategy is utilized by infectious microorganisms?

Suppressing the host adaptive immune response (e.g., by interfering with cytokines or inhibiting MHC expression and antigen presentation)

What immune evasion strategy is utilized by infectious microorganisms?

Establishing latency, during which viruses survive in a silent state in infected cells

What immune evasion strategy is utilized by infectious microorganisms?

Infecting and disabling or killing immune cells

What immune evasion strategy is utilized by infectious microorganisms?

Upper and lower respiratory tract infections, conjunctivitis, diarrhea

What diseases are caused by Adenovirus?

COVID-19

What disease is caused by Severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)?

Upper respiratory tract infection

What disease is caused by Rhinovirus?

Influenza

What disease is caused by Influenza viruses A and B?

Bronchiolitis, pneumonia

What diseases are caused by Respiratory syncytial virus?

Mumps, pancreatitis, orchitis

What diseases are caused by Mumps virus?

Childhood gastroenteritis

What disease is caused by Rotavirus?

Acute viral hepatitis

What disease is caused by Hepatitis A virus?

Acute or chronic hepatitis

What disease is caused by Hepatitis B virus and Hepatitis C virus?

German measles (rubella)

What disease is caused by Rubella virus?

Chickenpox, shingles

What diseases are caused by Varicella-zoster virus?

Oral herpes (“cold sore”)

What disease is caused by Herpes simplex virus 1?

Genital herpes

What disease is caused by Herpes simplex virus 2?

Cytomegalic inclusion disease

What disease is caused by Cytomegalovirus?

Infectious mononucleosis

What disease is caused by Epstein-Barr virus?

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

What disease is caused by Human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2?

Dengue hemorrhagic fever

What disease is caused by Dengue viruses 1 to 4?

Yellow fever

What disease is caused by Yellow fever virus?

Condyloma; cervical carcinoma

What diseases are caused by Human papillomavirus (in skin/genital warts)?

Poliomyelitis

What disease is caused by Poliovirus?

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (opportunistic)

What disease is caused by JC virus?

Pharyngitis

What frequent disease presentation is caused by Streptococcus pyogenes in the respiratory system?

Diphtheria

What frequent disease presentation is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae?

Pertussis

What frequent disease presentation is caused by Bordetella pertussis?

Lobar pneumonia

What frequent disease presentation is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae?

Tuberculosis

What frequent disease presentation is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

Legionnaires’ disease

What frequent disease presentation is caused by Legionella pneumophila?

Peptic ulcers

What frequent disease presentation is caused by Helicobacter pylori?

Noninflammatory gastroenteritis

What frequent disease presentation is caused by Vibrio cholerae and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli?

Inflammatory gastroenteritis

What frequent disease presentation is caused by Shigella spp., Salmonella spp., Campylobacter jejuni, and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli?

Enteric (typhoid) fever

What frequent disease presentation is caused by Salmonella typhi?

Pseudomembranous colitis

What frequent disease presentation is caused by Clostridioides difficile?

Acute meningitis

What frequent disease presentation is caused by Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae in the nervous system?

Paralytic intoxications, tetanus, and botulism

What frequent disease presentation is caused by Clostridium tetani and Clostridium botulinum?

Urinary tract infections

What frequent disease presentation is caused by Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the urogenital system?

Gonorrhea

What frequent disease presentation is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

Syphilis

What frequent disease presentation is caused by Treponema pallidum?

Abscess, cellulitis

What frequent disease presentation is caused by Staphylococcus aureus in the skin and adjacent soft tissue?

Impetigo, erysipelas, necrotizing fasciitis

What frequent disease presentation is caused by Streptococcus pyogenes in the skin and adjacent soft tissue?

Gas gangrene

What frequent disease presentation is caused by Clostridium perfringens?

Leprosy

What frequent disease presentation is caused by Mycobacterium leprae (disseminated infection)?

Plague

What frequent disease presentation is caused by Yersinia pestis (disseminated infection)?

Lyme disease

What frequent disease presentation is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi (disseminated infection)?

Neonatal bacteremia, meningitis

What frequent disease presentation is caused by Streptococcus agalactiae and Listeria monocytogenes in disseminated neonatal infection?

Congenital syphilis

What frequent disease presentation is caused by Treponema pallidum in disseminated neonatal infection?

Hepatitis B virus

What virus causes Hepatitis in both males and females, and is transmitted sexually?

Human papillomavirus

What virus causes Cancer of penis in males and Cervical dysplasia and cancer in females, and Condyloma acuminatum in both, and is transmitted sexually?

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

What disease is caused by Human immunodeficiency virus, which is transmitted sexually?

Urethritis, epididymitis, proctitis

What diseases are caused by Chlamydia trachomatis in males, which is transmitted sexually?

Urethral syndrome, cervicitis, bartholinitis, salpingitis, and sequelae

What diseases are caused by Chlamydia trachomatis in females, which is transmitted sexually?

Lymphogranuloma venereum

What disease is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis in both sexes, which is transmitted sexually?

Urethritis

What disease is caused by Ureaplasma urealyticum in males, which is transmitted sexually?

Epididymitis, prostatitis, urethral stricture

What diseases are caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae in males, which is transmitted sexually?

Cervicitis, endometritis, bartholinitis, salpingitis, and sequelae

What diseases are caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae in females, which is transmitted sexually?

Urethritis, proctitis, pharyngitis, disseminated gonococcal infection

What diseases are caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae in both sexes, which is transmitted sexually?

Syphilis

What disease is caused by Treponema pallidum in both sexes, which is transmitted sexually?

Chancroid

What disease is caused by Haemophilus ducreyi in both sexes, which is transmitted sexually?

Granuloma inguinale (donovanosis)

What disease is caused by Klebsiella granulomatis in both sexes, which is transmitted sexually?