Empires/territories and Periods

Heian period

A period in Japanese history from 794 to 1185, known for its court culture, art, and literature, including the development of the Japanese writing system.

Song Chinese influence on Japan

Merit Systems

Buddhism and Confucianism

Private trading relations

Chinese characters in writing

Song Chinese influence on Vietnam

Confucian bureaucracy

Tributary

Confucianism

Chinese characters

Scholar system

Mahayana Buddhism

Song Chinese influence on Korea

Tributary

Confucian + Buddhism

Literature and education

Abbasid

the Islamic dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads and expanded Islamic culture and influence, known for its intellectual achievements and trade expansion.

• Both Sunni and Shia

• More administrative than conquering

• Combined successful historical techniques at running empire: satrapies

• House of Wisdom

• Tech advancements: math, astronomy, medicine, literature

Umayyad

the Islamic dynasty that preceded the Abbasids, characterized by its rapid expansion across North Africa and into Spain, known for establishing Arabic as the administrative language and promoting Islamic architecture.

Favored Arabs

Conquering

Jizya

Al-Andalus

the region in the Iberian Peninsula under Islamic rule, known for its cultural, scientific, and architectural achievements during the Middle Ages. It was a center of learning and tolerance, where Muslims, Christians, and Jews coexisted.

Sultanate of Delhi

a Muslim kingdom that ruled over a large part of the Indian subcontinent from the 13th to 16th centuries, known for its cultural exchange and the establishment of Islamic governance in India.

• After Abbasid

• Tension between Hindus and Muslims

Vijayanagar Kingdom

a southern Indian empire that flourished from the 14th to the 17th century, celebrated for its advancements in art, architecture, and trade, as well as its resistance against Islamic invasions.

• Chola Regions

• Hindu

Srivijaya

a maritime and commercial kingdom that dominated Southeast Asia from the 7th to the 13th century, known for its role in trade between China and India and for the spread of Buddhism.

Angkor Thom

the capital city of the Khmer Empire in present-day Cambodia.

• Buddhist

Angkor Wat

a temple complex built in the Khmer Empire, renowned for its vast size and intricate architectural details, primarily dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu.

• Hindu

Pueblo People

indigenous populations residing in North America before European colonization, encompassing diverse cultures and languages.

• Water irrigation

• Maize fields

• Adobe buildings

Iroquois People

a group of indigenous peoples in North America, known for their significant political and military influence, particularly in the northeastern region. They formed a confederation known as the Iroquois League, which played a crucial role in the fur trade and relations with European settlers.

• Palisades: wooden wall borders

Cahokia People

The Cahokia People were a Native American civilization that thrived in the Mississippi River Valley, known for their large earthen mounds and complex urban planning. They were influential in trade and agriculture, particularly during the Mississippian period.

• Mounds

Mexica People

a group of indigenous people who founded the Aztec Empire in present-day Mexico, recognized for their advanced society, architecture, and agricultural practices, including the chinampa system for farming.

• Chinampas

• Causeways

Aztec Empire + Tenochtitlan

the empire established by the Mexica People, renowned for its rich culture, architectural achievements, and intricate social structure, which dominated Mesoamerica prior to Spanish conquest.

Inca

civilization in South America, known for its road system, agriculture, and architecture, with Cusco as its capital.

Mali Empire

a prominent West African empire known for its wealth, trade, and cultural achievements, particularly under leaders like Mansa Musa.

Founded by Sundiata

Swahili

city-states along the East African coast known for trade, culture, and the blending of African, Arab, and Persian influences.

• Muslim

• Indian Ocean Trade

Axum, Ethiopia

ancient kingdom in present-day Ethiopia and Eritrea, known for its trade, monumental obelisks, and as an early adopter of Christianity.

• trade in red sea

• Adulis port control

Mongols

a nomadic culture that established one of the largest empires in history, known for their military tactics, rapid conquests, and the Pax Mongolica, which facilitated trade and communication across Eurasia.

• bubonic plague spread

• Greek, Chinese, islamic knowledge spread to western europe —> gunpowder, compass

• Spread of culture by missionaries —> Sufis

Mughal Empire

• India

• One of three most prominent Muslim empires of modern age

• started by Barbu, who took over Sultanate of Delhi territory

• Akbar (grandson) created centralized gov

• Religiously tolerant

• Aurangzeb broke religious tolerance, persecuted Hindus and taxed

• Gunpowder

• war against Safavid

Ottoman Empire

• gunpowder

• Jannissaries in Balkans

• war against Safavids religious

• Sunni

Safavid Empire

• Shia

• Propaganda used heavily

• Twelver Shiism

• Iran

• Invincibility propaganda, no guns

Byzantine Empire

A powerful empire that succeeded the Roman Empire in the Eastern Mediterranean, known for its capital Constantinople, strong administration, and contributions to art and culture.

• Eastern Orthodox Christianity

• Caesaropapism

Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368

• Khubilai Khan

• China takeover of Mongols

• religiously tolerant

• sent off large sea exploration

• P - centralized bureaucracy

Khans of Golden Horde

• Russia

• Eastern Europe

• Didn’t take Russia, but had tribute relationship

Ilkhanate of Persia

1258 → Captured Abbasid Capital (Baghdad)

• failed roles of governance —> failed conquests

• open to local interests

Reconquista -1085

• Al-Andalus

• regaining of Spain to Christendom from Muslims

Crusades 1095-1291 CE

• regaining jerusalem to Christiendom

• greater connection, diffusion of cultures

• War between Islam and Christendom

7 Years War 1756-1763

• France and Britain were pitted against each other and allied with indigenous populations in efforts to prevent each other's expansion into the new world

• Britain took over French infiltration of India and French colonies in Canada

By winning the 7 Years War, Britain was able to establish global trading dominance. They ruled over major trading systems in Canada, the Americas, IOB, Philippines, and more.

Kingdom of Kongo 1390-1914

• Sub-saharan

• trade with Europeans, Portuguese through Congo river

• Portuguese supplied with: advisers, military garrisons, tailors, shoemakers, masons, miners, priests

• Kongo converted o Christianity

• King Afonso

• Portuguese overstep with their demand for slaves, war lost to Kongo

Kingdom of Ndongo 1518-1683

• Sub-saharan, Angola

• Portuguese est slave trade south of the kingdom

• Ndongo became prosperous from direct trade w Portuguese

• Portuguese made small colony, overstepping w slave trade

• Queen Nzinga fights Portuguese for 40 years

• First sub-saharan colony in Africa

Conquest of Mexico and Peru 1500s

• Spanish

• Cortez: Mexico take down of Aztec

• Pizarro: take down of Inca in Peru

Europeans in the Pacific 1700s

• James Cook marine explorer of Polynesian Islands

• Habitable coast of Australia

• Hawaii

• Trade routes with Manila, Philippines, Guam, Mariana Islands

Effects:

• rapid migration to settle

Fulani People

• Ethnic group in africa

• Wanted to purify and strengthen Islamic values in sub-sahara

Ming Dynasty 1368-1644

• Restoring Han China

• Rid of Mongols

• Strong centralized estate

• Eunuchs and mandarins

• Emperor Yongle —> naval expeditions

• No mongolian names, culture

Scramble for Africa + Berlin Conference 1884

The rapid invasion, occupation, and division of African territory by European powers, formalized by the Berlin Conference, which regulated European colonization and trade in Africa.

Labor Migrations 1900s

The movement of people, typically for employment opportunities, often caused by economic changes, war, or environmental factors during the 20th century.