ap bio unit 0

emergent properties

• properties that arise due to interactions of smaller part(icles)s

Prokaryotic cells

• no nucleuss

• no membrane-bound organelles

• bacteria and archaea

• smaller, simple

Eukaryotic cells

• membrane-bound nucleus

• membrane-bound organelles

• plants, fungi, protists, and animals

• larger, complex

3 Domains

• Bacteria

• Archaea

• Eukarya

Eukarya 4 kingdoms

• Plantae

• Fungi

• Animals

• Protists

Independent variable

manipulated variable

Dependent variable

measured variable

Homologous structures

common ancestry but now may have different uses (divergent evolution)

Analogous structures

different ancestry but adapted to similar environment (convergent evolution)

Vestigial structures

remnants of features that served a function in ancestors

Biogeography

geographic distribution of species

sister taxa

share common ancestor not shared by other groups

rooted

most common ancestor of all taxa

basal taxa

lineage that diverge from all other members

homologies

phenotypic and genetic similarities due to shared ancestry (morphological/DNA)

analogy

similarity due to convergent evolution

monophyletic group

consists of an ancestral species and all of its descendants

paraphyletic group

consists of an ancestral species and some of its descendants but not all of them

polyphyletic group

most common ancestor of its members is not part of the group

horizontal gene transfer

one individual to another in the same generation