anaphy

anatomy

the study of the structure and organization of living things, including their physical parts and systems.

physiology

the study of the functions and processes of living organisms and their parts.

cytology

the branch of biology that studies the structure, function, and behavior of cells.

histology

the microscopic study of tissue structure and composition, focusing on how cells are organized within tissues.

osteology

the branch of anatomy that deals with the study of bones, their structure, function, and development.

myology

the branch of anatomy that studies muscles, their structure, function, and development.

arthrology

the branch of anatomy concerned with the study of joints, their structure, function, and development.

angiology

the branch of anatomy that studies blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, their structure, function, and development.

neurology

the branch of medicine that deals with the anatomy, functions, and organic disorders of nerves and the nervous system.

superior

positioned higher than another structure in the body, often used to describe relative locations.

inferior

positioned lower than another structure in the body, often used to describe relative locations.

anterior

positioned toward the front of the body, often used to describe relative locations.

posterior

positioned toward the back of the body, often used to describe relative locations.

medial

positioned closer to the midline of the body, often used to describe relative locations.

lateral

positioned toward the side of the body, opposite of medial.

intermediate

Term describing a position between medial and lateral; it refers to a structure that is located in the middle of two other structures.

ipsilateral

on the same side of the body

contralateral

on the opposite side of the body

proximal

closer to the point of attachment or trunk of the body

distal

farther from the point of attachment or trunk of the body

chemical

simplest level of the structural organization

atom

the basic unit of a chemical element, consisting of a nucleus surrounded by electrons.

molecules

two or more atoms bonded together.

cells

the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms, often referred to as the building blocks of life.

tissues

groups of similar cells that perform a specific function in an organism.

epithelial tissue

a type of tissue that covers the surfaces of the body and lines cavities and organs. It plays roles in protection, absorption, and secretion.

connective tissue

a type of tissue that supports, binds together, and protects other tissues and organs in the body. It includes various types such as bone, adipose, and blood.

muscle tissue

produces movement through its ability to contract. this constitute skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle

nerve tissue

found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. it responds to various types of stimuli and transmits nerve impulses.

organ

composed of two or more tissue types and performs a specific function for the body

organ system

group of organs that cooperate to accomplish a common purpose

organism

represents the highest level of structure organization

blood pressure, body temperature, breathing and heart rate

these are some of the functions controlled by homeostasis mechanisms.

hormones

homeostasis is maintained by adaptive mechanism ranging from control center in the brain to chemical substances. that are secreted by various organs directly into the blood streams.

homeostasis

when structure and function are coordinated the body achieves a relative stability of its internal environment

gross anatomy

studies body structure without microscope.

systemic anatomy

studies functional relationships of organs within a system

regional anatomy

studies body part regionaly

anatomical position

a person standing upright, feet together, facing forward, arms at their sides with palms facing forward, and head and eyes looking straight ahead

sagittal plane

divides the body into right and left half

mid and para sagittal plane

divides the body into equal and unequal left and right halves

frontal plane

divides the body into asymmetrical anterior and posterior sections.

transverse

horizontal or cross sectional plane

divides the body into upper and lower body section

oblique plane

divides the body other than horizontal or vertical.

body planes

imaginary surface or planes lines that divide the body in to sections. this helps for further identification of specific areas.

nine region division

used widely for anatomical studies

quadrents

more commonly used for describing the site of abdomino-pelvic pain, tumor, or other abnormality

right & left upper quadrant - right & lower quadrant

this method a vertical and horizontal line are passed through the umbilicus or belly button

the name of the quadrants are

axial body part

part of the body near the axis of the body

appendicular body part

part of the body out of the axis lines

this includes upper and lower extremities

axial body part

this includes head, neck, thorax, abdomen, and pelvis

body cavities

spaces within the body that help, separate and support internal organ

body cavities

bones, muscle, ligaments, and other structure separate the various from one another

viscera

the cavities of the body house the internal organs which commonly referred as.

larger ventral and smaller dorsal

two main body cavities

ventral body cavity

constitutes the thoracic cavity and the abdomino-pelvic body cavity

thoracic cavity

houses lung and heart

it is protected by the rib cage & associated musculature and the sternum anteriorly

pleural cavity, pericardial cavity, mediastinum

thoracic cavity consist of the right and left

pleural cavity

the portion of tissues and organs that separates the left and right lung

pericardial cavity

surrounds the heart, the serious membrane in the perivcardium

mediastinum

central portion of the thoracic cavity between the lungs. it contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels.

abdomino-pelvic

extends from the diaphragm inferior to the floor of the pelvis. it is divided into superior abdominal and inferior pelvic cavity by imaginary line passing at upper pelvis.

abdominal cavity

contains the stomach, intestine, liver, spleen, & gallbladder

pelvic cavity

contains urinary bladder, rectum, and portions of the reproductive organs.

dorsal body cavity

cranial cavity

vertebral cavity