Biology 7th precomp

Characteristics of Living Things

Reproduction, Growth & Development, Cells, Energy, Sense & Respond to Change, DNA, Homeostasis

Reproduction

One or two organisms create a new organism via sexual reproduction (2 organisms) or asexual reproduction (1 organism)

Growth and Development

The organism goes through some change in their body, like growth of lung size for instance.

Cells

The organism has at least one cell

Energy

The organism is able to gain and use energy

Sense and Respond to Change

If the environment were to change, the organism would be able to tell and react to the change accordingly. For instance, if the temperature dropped from 100ºF to 50ºF, the organism would notice and react to the change (probably) by moving to someplace warmer.

DNA

Genetic material located inside a/the cell; contains the information need to make a replica of the organism whose DNA was used

Homeostasis

An organism's ability to change its internal environment in order to maintain equilibrium

homeo, Greek for similar, like, or equal; stasis, Greek for balance, or stable; thus homeostasis = equal balance

equi, latin for equal, or same; (libr)ium, latin for balance, or stability; thus equilibrium = equal balance

Necessities of Life

1. Food

2. Water

3. Air

4. A place to live

Scientific Method

1. Ask a question/Recognize a problem

2. Form a hypothesis

3. Test the Hypothesis/Do the experiment

4. Analyze the results/data

5. Form conclusions

6. Communicate results

Ask a question/Recognize a problem

Find a question whose answer you have been pondering for eternity

Form a hypothesis

Make an educated guess at the possible answer (you have been pondering it for eternity)

Test the Hypothesis/Do the experiment

Now is your chance! Work hard! FIND THE ANSWER!!

Analyze the results/data

What has the experiment told us?

Form conclusions

Write down that info yo

Communicate results

TELL EVERYONE THAT YOU HAVE SOLVED THE ETERNAL QUESTION! (and the results)

Macromolecules

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates

Cell wall= Cellulose; Made of sugar; provides short term energy; contains either fructose or glucose (Glucose used by animals)

Proteins

Made by amino acids; speeds up chemical reactions; makes up cobwebs, hair, feathers, etc.; transports hemoglobin (red blood cells) & O₂

Lipids

Ex.: fats, oils, wax, etc.; Made of CHO (carbon hydrogen oxygen); used for long term energy; composed of a hydroPHILIC head (loves water) & a hydroPHOBIC tail (hates water); when groups of them come together like in the picture given, they are called the PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER

Nucleic Acids

Made of CHONPS (6 elements that make body) (carbon hydrogen nitrogen phosphate and sulfur); Made of 5 nucleotides (cyosine-guanine Adenine-thymine); Blueprints of life; Have instructions to make protiens. DNA and RNA

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate; Energy carrying molecule in cells (fuels all life) energy from carbohydrates turned into ATP. Used by ALL life; NOT A MACROMOLECULE

T-Chart of Differences between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

Prokaryotes | Eukaryotes

No membrane bound organelles | MBO

No nucleus (Nucleoid) | Nucleus

Single celled | Single-or-Multi-cellular

Bacteria+Archaea | Eukarya

Asexual Reproduction | Asexual & Sexual Reproduction

Similarities between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

Contain genetic material; can be single celled; belong in Domains, kingdoms, etc.; have RIBOSOMES; reproduce

Cells and Macromolecules

Macromolecules literally mean big molecules, and they refer to the (who knew) big molecules in cells, which are Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids, & Nucleic Acids

Cell Structure and Function

Cell Theory

All cells originate from other cells; the basic unit of life is the cell

Cell

A microscopic blob of stuff that carries out functions necessary for life to be lived (digestion, breathing, and EVERYTHING ELSE YOU COULD POSSIBLY IMAGINE (maybe))

Cell Membrane

Contains the innards of the cell and allows stuff to enter and exit the cell

Nucleus

Contains the DNA; brain of cell

Cytoplasm

Jello-like substance in the cell

Mitochondria

Power-house of cell; generate the cell's ATP, which is the major energy source of the cell

Golgi Apparatus

Sorts and ships proteins from the ER

Nucleolus

Begins assembly of ribosomes

Ribosomes

Assembles amino acids into proteins

Lysosomes

Digests food particles

Central Vacuole

Stores excess water; gives plants their shape; only in plant cell

Cell Wall

Protects cell (in plant cells)

Chloroplasts

Does photosynthesis in cell

Smooth ER

Breaks down toxins and makes lipids; located close to the membrane

Rough ER

Transports proteins

Vesicle

Transport pod for ribosomes, lipids, etc.

Cilia

Hair-like projections on ciliates that allow the ciliate to move

Flagella

Tail thing on flagellates that spin around to allow the flagellate to move

Nucleoid

In prokaryotic cells; contains genetic material; it is different from a nucleus (eukaryotic cell) because it doesn't have a nuclear membrane

Prokaryote

No membrane bound organelles, No nucleus; single-celled; contains neucleoids; contains ribosomes; some have flagella; Contains cell wall; NOT A CELL PART

Eukaryote

Membrane bound organelles; nucleus; can be either single and multi cellular; has ribosomes; protists, fungi, plants, & animals; NOT A CELL PART

Evolution

Change over a LONG period of time

Natural Selection

Nature selects the which of two+ species is more likely to survive

Speciation

The making of a new species

Species

A group of similar organisms that can produce VERITABLE OFFSPRING

Mechanisms of Change

Mutation, Migration, Natural Selection, Artificial Selection

Genetic Variation

Variation of DNA

Mutation

A sudden & random change in the genetic makeup of an organism; if the mutation is beneficial, the organism will survive and reproduce; may create a new species

Migration

When a species goes from one region to another region, often to escape unfavorable conditions in the first region's environment or to complete a certain step in their reproductive cycle.

Artificial Selection

Mankind selects which of two+ species gets to survive and reproduce; examples of its effects: dogs, cats, dogs, dogs, and dogs. Ooh, and dogs too. Did I mention dogs? I don't think I mentioned dogs. Don't forget dogs. NEVER forget dogs. Dogs are superior in EVERY way.

Darwin

Discovered (NOT invented) evolution on the galapagos islands

Adaptation

The process by which a species adjusts to its environment; usually occurs after a migration

Homologous Structures

Same structure, different function (homo-same, logous-correspondence or relation (i.e. related structures)); derived for common ancestor

Analogous Structures

Different structure, same function

Common Ancestor

A group of species share common descent if they have a common ancestor; they are kind of like the great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-grandparent of different species (or something)

Peppered Moth Simulation

2 moths one black one white, hide and blend in with the trees, when trees black, black moth survive, trees turn white (because of humans) white moth survives. May be artificial selection because human caused the change in trees, but could also be natural because humans didn't specifically breed the moths, nature selected it based on our human impact

Classification

From Domain to Species (DKPCOFGS)

Darling King Phillip Came Over For Good Spaghetti

Dumb Kids Play Chase On Freeway Get Splat.

Domain

Right now, you are being as general as you possibly can under terms of classification

~ Bacteria

Prokaryotic; made up of kingdom Eubacteria; Use binary fission; shapes: bacilli, cocci, & spirilla

~ Archaea

Prokaryotic; Extremophiles; Oldest lifeforms on earth; made up by kingdom archaebacteria

~ Eukarya

Eukaryotic; Made up of kingdoms Animalia, Protista, Plantae, & Fungi

Kingdom

2nd most general; 7th most specific

~ Archaebacteria

Prokaryotic; under domain Archaea

Extremophiles: Live in harsh environments

3 types: Heat lover, salt lover, and methane maker

~ Eubacteria

Prokaryotic; AKA "True bacteria"; Can be heterotrophs or autotrophs; under domain Bacteria

~ Protista

Eukaryotic; Get energy via photosynthesis and/or consumption; mostly unicellular except for algae; under domain Eukarya

~ Fungi

Eukaryotic; Get energy via decomposition, mutualism, and/or parasitism; reproduce with spores; heterotrophs (unless the fungi is using mutualism or parasitism); multicellular EXCEPT FOR YEASTS; under domain Eukarya

~ Plantae

Eukaryotic; Get energy via photosynthesis; multicellular; autotrophs; under domain Eukarya

~ Animalia

Eukaryotic; Get energy via consumption; multicellular; heterotrophs; under domain Eukarya

Phylum

3rd most general; 6th most specific

Class

4th most general; 5th most specific

Order

5th most general; 4th most specific

Family

6th most general; 3rd most specific

Genus

7th most general; 2nd most specific; ALWAYS capitalized and ALWAYS italicized (or underlined when writing instead of typing)

Species (Classification)

You are now as specific as you can be under terms of classification; NEVER capitalized and ALWAYS italicized (or underlined when writing instead of typing)

Scientific Name

A given name for an organism that you can refer to with scientists around the world

Binomial Nomenclature

A system of nomenclature in which two terms, the genus name and the species name, are used to classify a species of living organism.

How is life categorized or classified?

Taxonomy (a taxon is any of the taxonomic categories, which are Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Family, Genus, & Species)

Bacteria and Archaea

Prokaryotic; Oldest life-forms on Earth (starting with Archaea)

Eubacteria Characteristics

AKA "True bacteria"; Prokaryotic; Can be heterotrophs or autotrophs; under domain Bacteria

Archaebacteria Characteristics

Extremophiles: Live in harsh environments

3 types: Heat lover, salt lover, and methane maker

Prokaryotic; under domain Archaea; oldest living things on Earth

Cocci

Circular shaped bacteria, can absorb the most liquids for a longer time

Bacilli

Fat long rod shapes that have the largest surface area but dry out very easily

Spirilla

Twirly rods that move the fastest of the three

Advantages each shape give the bacteria

Cocci: Can absorb the most liquids & for a longer time

Bacilli: Largest surface area

Spirilla: Greatest speed

Binary Fission

1. Cell grows

2. DNA replicates itself

3. Cell elongates

4. Cell splits into two

Endospore

A shell created by the bacteria itself when outside conditions become unfavorable that allows the bacteria to be dormant until conditions are right

Bacteria's role in the environment

Nitrogen-fixing, recycling, & cleaning up

Nitrogen Fixation

Converting nitrogen into a form plants and animals can use. N2 to NH3 (ammonia)

Bioremediation

Changing of toxic materials to non-toxic. Also cleansing, such as an oil spill

Decomposers/Recyclers

Help decompose dead organic matter, and recycle them back into nature

Bacteria's role in food & medicine

In food they are amble to make cheese, bread, sourdough. For people with diabetes, E. coli bacteria help produce insulin.

Harmful bacteria

Pathogenic bacteria cause diseases

Viruses

Microscopic particles that invade and often destroy cells

Shapes + What disease each shape can cause

1. Crystal: Polio virus 2. Sphere: Influenza 3. Cylinder: Mosaic virus 4. Bacteriophage T4: Only attack bacteria