ANSC 230 Exam 1

What are the five organic compounds?

Carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and high-energy compounds

What do two monosaccharides make?

Disaccharide

What do polysaccharides contain?

Disaccharides

What are triglycerides made up of?

Fatty acids and glycerol

what are peptides composed of?

amino acids

what are RNA and DNA composed of?

nucleotides

What is ATP composed of?

nucleotides and phosphate groups

What organic compounds participate in transcription and translation?

nucleic acids(RNA and DNA)

what are the three forms of carbohydrates?

monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

are glucose, fructose, and galactose mono, di, or poly saccharides?

monosaccharides

are sucrose, lactose, and maltose mono, di, or poly saccharides?

disaccharides

are starch, glycogen, and cellulose mono, di, or poly saccharides?

polysaccharides

glucose+fructose=

sucrose

What does saturated mean when it comes to lipids?

no double bonds in the fatty acids

what is the primary storage form of lipid in animals?

triglycerides

what is the type of lipid that makes up cell membranes?

structural lipids

what are phospholipids made up of?

two fatty acids, a glycerol, and a phosphate head

what are triglycerides made up of?

three fatty acids and a glycerol

what lipid is an important precursor to steroid hormones?

cholesterol

what are the individual building blocks of proteins called?

amino acids

what are dipeptides made of?

two amino acids

what are polypeptides made of?

3 or more amino acids(before 50 when it becomes a protein)

what are chains of amino acids linked by?

peptide bonds

what determines primary protein structure?

genetic code and gene expression

what determines secondary protein structure?

hydrogen bonding

what is cell theory?

cells are the smallest basic unit of life, composes all organisms, cells are autonomous and self-replicating

what are the three basic components of a cell?

nucleus

cell(plasma) membrane

cytoplasm

what is the cytoplasm?

the space between nucleus and cell membrane

what two things exist in the cytoplasm?

cytosol(fluid) and organelles

what is contained in extracellular space?

interstitial fluid or blood plasma

what is contained in intracellular space?

cytosol(fluid)

is the smooth ER membranous or nonmembranous?

membranous

is the rough ER membranous or nonmembranous?

membranous

is the golgi apparatus membranous or nonmembranous?

membranous

is the peroxisomes membranous or nonmembranous?

membranous

is the lysosomes membranous or nonmembranous?

membranous

is the mitochondria membranous or nonmembranous?

membranous

is the cell membrane membranous or nonmembranous?

membranous(duh)

is the ribosome membranous or nonmembranous?

nonmembranous

is the cytoskeleton membranous or nonmembranous?

nonmembranous

is the microvilli membranous or nonmembranous?

nonmembranous

is the centrioles membranous or nonmembranous?

nonmembranous

is the proteosomes membranous or nonmembranous?

nonmembranous

what organelle is compared to a trash can?

lysosomes

what is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

synthesize lipids and carbs

what is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

modify and package proteins synthesized by attached ribosomes

what is the function of the golgi apparatus?

store, modify, and package secretory products from the ER

what is the function of the peroxisomes?

fatty acid metabolism

what is the function of the lysosomes?

removal of damaged organelles

what is the function of the mitochondria?

produce 95% of ATP required by the cell

what is the function of the ribosomes?

protein synthesis

what is the function of the cytoskeleton?

cellular shape, support, and strength

what is the function of the microvilli?

increase cell surface area to aid absorption of extracellular material

are microvilli mobile?

no

what is the difference between microvilli and cilia?

cilia are mobile

where are microvilli especially helpful for cells?

intestine

what is the function of the centrioles?

arrange chromosomes during cell division

what is the function of the proteosomes?

site of protein degradation

what is DNA packaged into in the nucleus?

chromatin

what separates the nucleus from the cytosol?

double layered nuclear envelope

what are the pores in the nuclear envelope for?

passage of mRNA and proteins out of the nucleus

what is at the center of the nucleus?

nucleolus

what is the function of the nucleolus?

production of ribosomal RNA(rRNA)

what is the function of the cell/plasma membrane?

physical barrier between intracellular and extracellular space

are the heads or tails hydrophobic?

phobic tails

what kind of molecules can pass freely through the plasma membrane?

lipid-soluble, ex. O2, CO2, steroid hormones

what is osmosis?

passive transport of water through a selectively permeable membrane

does osmosis require energy?

no

what is the end goal of osmosis?

equalization of solute concentration

what is osmolarity?

the number of solutes in a concentration

is sea water hypotonic or hypertonic?

hyper

what kinds of molecules need facilitated diffusion?

large

what is used to transport molecules during facilitated diffusion?

carrier proteins

does facilitated diffusion require energy?

no

what concentration gradient does facilitated diffusion follow?

high to low

what concentration gradient does active transport follow?

low to high

does active transport require energy?

yes

what kind of transport is the Na K pump an example of?

active transport

what is the goal of active transport?

maintain resting cell membrane potential

what does DNA encode?

the instructions for all cell processes

what makes a DNA molecule?

two polynucleotide chains in the form of a double helix

what is the DNA backbone made of?

sugar and phosphate groups

how is chromatin formed?

DNA wraps around histone proteins

what does chromatin do to prepare for mitosis?

replicates and supercoils to form X-shaped chromosomes

when does T switch to U?

RNA

why does T switch to U?

RNA has a ribose backbone instead of a deoxyribose backbone

what is the first part of protein synthesis?

transcription

where does transcription occur?

nucleus

what happens in transcription?

a single stranded molecule of mRNA is made

where does mRNA go after being made in transcription?

leaves via pores in the nuclear envelope and move into cytosol

what happens in translation?

mRNA binds to a ribosome and tRNA brings an amino acid appropriate to its anticodon

where does translation happen?

a ribosome in the cytoplasm, either free or on rough ER

about what percent of body weight does the integumentary system comprise?

15

the integumentary system is the largest organ in the body with regards to what?

surface area

what is the main structure of the integumentary system?

skin

what are some accessory structures to the integumentary system?

hair, glands, hooves, horns

what are four physiological roles of the integumentary system?

protection against external environment(physical, chemical, and biological threats)

prevention of excess water loss from the body(prevents insensible water loss)

thermoregulation(sweating, hair coat,…)

physical defense(claws, horns, and hooves)

what is the most superficial layer of skin?

epidermis

what is the most deep layer of skin?

subcutaneous tissue

what layer(s) of the skin are epithelial tissue?

epidermis