APHG Units 1-7 Models/Theories

Demographic Transition Model

Explains population changes over time through shifts in birth and death rates.

Demographic Transition Model

Created by Warren Thompson in 1929.

Demographic Transition Model

Assumes all countries progress through stages of demographic change.

Demographic Transition Model

Assumes transition is influenced by industrialization and modernization.

Demographic Transition Model

Analyzes population trends and development stages.

DTM Stage One

High birth and death rates (pre-industrial society).

DTM Stage One

CBR: 40+, CDR: 40+, NIR: ~0.

DTM Stage Two

High birth rates, declining death rates (improvements in healthcare).

DTM Stage Two

CBR: 35+, CDR: <20, NIR: High.

DTM Stage Three

Declining birth and death rates (urbanization and access to contraception).

DTM Stage Three

CBR: 20-30, CDR: <10, NIR: Moderate.

DTM Stage Four

Low birth and death rates (developed societies).

DTM Stage Four

CBR/CDR: ~10, NIR: ~0.

DTM Stage Five

Very low birth rates, stable or declining population (some models include this stage).

DTM Stage Five

CBR:

Demographic Transition Model

A graph with time on the x-axis and birth/death rates on the y-axis.

Epidemiological Transition Model

Describes the shift in disease patterns and causes of death as societies develop.

Epidemiological Transition Model

Created by Abdel Omran in 1971.

ETM Stage One

Age of Pestilence and Famine: high mortality due to infectious diseases.

ETM Stage Two

Age of Receding Pandemics: declining mortality as pandemics become less frequent.

ETM Stage Three

Age of Degenerative and Man-Made Diseases: rise in chronic diseases.

ETM Stage Four

Age of Delayed Degenerative Diseases: improved healthcare delays onset of chronic diseases.

ETM Stage Five

Age of Reemerging Infectious Diseases: resurgence due to antibiotic resistance and globalization.

Migration Transition Model

Links migration patterns to stages of demographic transition.

Migration Transition Model

Created by Wilbur Zelinsky in 1971.

MTM Stage One

Premodern traditional society: little migration.

MTM Stage Two

Early transitional society: high emigration and rural-to-urban migration.

MTM Stage Three

Late transitional society: decline in emigration, increase in urban-to-urban migration.

MTM Stage Four

Advanced society: urban-to-suburban migration.

MTM Stage Five

Future super-advanced society: potential for increased international migration.

Ravenstein's Laws

A set of principles explaining migration patterns.

Ravenstein's Laws

Created by E.G. Ravenstein in 1885.

Ravenstein's 1st Law

Most migrants move short distances.

Ravenstein's 2nd Law

Long-distance migrants often move to urban areas.

Ravenstein's 3rd Law

Migration occurs in steps.

Ravenstein's 4th Law

Urban residents are less migratory than rural residents.

Ravenstein's 5th Law

Young adults are more likely to migrate.

Gravity Model

Predicts interaction between two places based on their size and distance.

Gravity Model

Formula: Interaction = (Population₁ × Population₂) / Distance²

Gravity Model

More flights connect NYC-London than NYC-Sydney.

Heartland Theory

Suggests control over Eastern Europe leads to control over the world.

Heartland Theory

Created by Halford Mackinder in 1904.

Heartland Theory

Key concept: "Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland; Who rules the Heartland commands the World-Island; Who rules the World-Island commands the world."

Rimland Theory

Posits that control over coastal fringes of Eurasia leads to global power.

Rimland Theory

Created by Nicholas Spykman in 1944.

Rimland Theory

Key concept: "Who controls the Rimland rules Eurasia; who rules Eurasia controls the destinies of the world."

Von Thünen Model

Explains agricultural land use patterns based on transportation costs.

Von Thünen Model

Created by Johann Heinrich von Thünen in 1826.

Von Thünen Zone 1

Dairy and intensive farming (closest to market).

Von Thünen Zone 2

Forests (for fuel and building materials).

Von Thünen Zone 3

Grain and field crops.

Von Thünen Zone 4

Ranching and livestock (farthest from market).

Rostow's Model

Outlines stages of economic development for countries.

Rostow's Model

Created by Walt Rostow in 1960.

Rostow Stage 1

Traditional society.

Rostow Stage 2

Preconditions for takeoff.

Rostow Stage 3

Takeoff.

Rostow Stage 4

Drive to maturity.

Rostow Stage 5

Age of mass consumption.

World-Systems Theory

Divides the world into core, semi-periphery, and periphery countries.

World-Systems Theory

Created by Immanuel Wallerstein in 1974.

Core Countries

High-income, technologically advanced nations that dominate trade.

Semi-Periphery

Industrializing nations with some economic diversity.

Periphery

Low-income nations dependent on core countries.

Concentric Zone Model

Describes urban growth as a series of rings radiating from the CBD.

Concentric Zone Model

Created by Ernest Burgess in 1925.

Concentric Zone Model

Assumes cities grow outward from central area in concentric circles.

Concentric Zone Model

Based on Chicago's urban structure in early 20th century.

Zone 1: CBD

Central Business District - commercial heart of the city.

Zone 2: Transition Zone

Mixed industrial and residential, often with deteriorating housing.

Zone 3: Working-Class Zone

Modest older homes occupied by stable working-class families.

Zone 4: Middle-Class Zone

Newer, more spacious homes for middle-class families.

Zone 5: Commuter Zone

Suburban areas with highest-income residences.

Concentric Zone Model

Bullseye diagram with 5 distinct rings.

Sector Model

Urban growth occurs in wedge-shaped sectors extending from CBD.

Sector Model

Created by Homer Hoyt in 1939.

Sector Model

Assumes cities grow along transportation corridors.

Sector Model

Land uses are arranged in sectors rather than rings.

High-Income Sector

Typically extends along desirable elevated terrain or waterfront.

Industrial Sector

Develops along railroad lines or waterways.

Low-Income Sector

Often located near industrial areas.

Middle-Income Sector

Occupies areas between low and high income sectors.

Sector Model

Pie-shaped wedges radiating from CBD.

Multiple Nuclei Model

Cities develop around several distinct centers (nuclei).

Multiple Nuclei Model

Created by Chauncy Harris & Edward Ullman in 1945.

Multiple Nuclei Model

Assumes land use patterns don't depend solely on CBD.

Multiple Nuclei Model

Accounts for factors like terrain and historical development.

Key Nuclei Examples

CBD, industrial park, university center, airport complex.

Multiple Nuclei Model

Scattered activity nodes connected by transport routes.

Latin American City Model

Describes urban structure in Latin American cities.

Latin American City Model

Created by Griffin & Ford in 1980.

Key Features

CBD with adjacent commercial spine and elite residential sector.

Disamenity Sector

Areas of extreme poverty with no city services.

Zone of Maturity

Middle-class housing near CBD.

Zone of In Situ Accretion

Transitional area with mix of middle/low income housing.

Periferico

Peripheral squatter settlements.

Latin American City Model

Spine extending from CBD with concentric zones.

African City Model

Describes urban structure in Sub-Saharan Africa.

African City Model

Developed by Harm de Blij in 1960s.

Three CBDs

Colonial CBD, Traditional CBD, Market Zone.